Hypsignathus monstrosus
(hammerhead bat), laryngeal
hypertrophy, 87–88
Imitation, mutual in bird calls, 174
Imitation, Orcinus orca calls, 179–180
Impedance matching, see also Acoustic
impedance
air sac, 99
bird, 99–100
sound production, 94
syrinx, 99–100
Impedance
sound reflection, 28–29
underwater sound, 17–18
Individual signatures, vocal learning,
145ff
Intensity, sound, 17
Intraspecific recognition behavior,
355–356
songbird model, 356ff
Inverse square law, spherical spreading,
26
Isolation calls, bats, 146–147
lesser spear-nosed bat, 156ff
Japanese macaque, see Macaca fuscata
Japanese quail, see Coturnix coturni
japonica
Kangaroo rat, see Dipodyms ssp.
Killer whale, see Orcinus orca
Kin recognition, vocal signals, 143, 356
King penguin, see Aptenodytes
patagonicus
Laniarius funebris (tropical bush
shrike), hormonal effects on
vocalization, 285–286
Larynx
bat, 87–88, 102
bird, 97
Cervus elaphus, 92
changes with puberty in mammals,
86–87
crocodilians, 97
function in sound production, 96–
97
human babies, 92
Index
395
hypertrophy in Alouatta, 87
hypertrophy in bats, 87
hypertrophy in Hypsignathus, 87–88
hypertrophy in mammals, 86–88
morphological diversity in frogs, 88
primate, 87, 102
sound production, 74ff
Lateral line system, 24, 57
Learned acquisition, Megapera
novaengliae song, 191ff
songs and calls, 197–198
vocal learning, 139–140
Learned vocalizations, and inheritance,
141
Learning calls, sensorimotor models,
203ff
Learning
bat dialects, 158
communications, 7–8
Learning, isolation calls in bats, 198
Leptonychotes weddeli (Weddell seal),
vocal learning, 154
Lesser spear-nosed bat, see
Phyllostomus discolor
Lies of commission
acoustic communication, 107ff
bird, 108–109
Lies of omission
bird, 117ff
communication, 117ff
primate, 120ff
Linkage disequilibrium, signaling,
251–252
Litoria ewingi (Ewing’s tree frog),
reproductive character
displacement, 244
Litoria verreauxi (Verreaux’s tree
frog), reproductive character
displacement, 244
Little brown bat, see Myotis lucifugus
Little hermit hummingbird, see
Phaethornis longuermareus
Lloyd mirror effect, underwater sound
reflection, 29
Long-distance signaling
defined, 226
speciation and sexual selection, 242ff
Long-distance transmission, rules for
acoustic signals, 233–234
(hammerhead bat), laryngeal
hypertrophy, 87–88
Imitation, mutual in bird calls, 174
Imitation, Orcinus orca calls, 179–180
Impedance matching, see also Acoustic
impedance
air sac, 99
bird, 99–100
sound production, 94
syrinx, 99–100
Impedance
sound reflection, 28–29
underwater sound, 17–18
Individual signatures, vocal learning,
145ff
Intensity, sound, 17
Intraspecific recognition behavior,
355–356
songbird model, 356ff
Inverse square law, spherical spreading,
26
Isolation calls, bats, 146–147
lesser spear-nosed bat, 156ff
Japanese macaque, see Macaca fuscata
Japanese quail, see Coturnix coturni
japonica
Kangaroo rat, see Dipodyms ssp.
Killer whale, see Orcinus orca
Kin recognition, vocal signals, 143, 356
King penguin, see Aptenodytes
patagonicus
Laniarius funebris (tropical bush
shrike), hormonal effects on
vocalization, 285–286
Larynx
bat, 87–88, 102
bird, 97
Cervus elaphus, 92
changes with puberty in mammals,
86–87
crocodilians, 97
function in sound production, 96–
97
human babies, 92
Index
395
hypertrophy in Alouatta, 87
hypertrophy in bats, 87
hypertrophy in Hypsignathus, 87–88
hypertrophy in mammals, 86–88
morphological diversity in frogs, 88
primate, 87, 102
sound production, 74ff
Lateral line system, 24, 57
Learned acquisition, Megapera
novaengliae song, 191ff
songs and calls, 197–198
vocal learning, 139–140
Learned vocalizations, and inheritance,
141
Learning calls, sensorimotor models,
203ff
Learning
bat dialects, 158
communications, 7–8
Learning, isolation calls in bats, 198
Leptonychotes weddeli (Weddell seal),
vocal learning, 154
Lesser spear-nosed bat, see
Phyllostomus discolor
Lies of commission
acoustic communication, 107ff
bird, 108–109
Lies of omission
bird, 117ff
communication, 117ff
primate, 120ff
Linkage disequilibrium, signaling,
251–252
Litoria ewingi (Ewing’s tree frog),
reproductive character
displacement, 244
Litoria verreauxi (Verreaux’s tree
frog), reproductive character
displacement, 244
Little brown bat, see Myotis lucifugus
Little hermit hummingbird, see
Phaethornis longuermareus
Lloyd mirror effect, underwater sound
reflection, 29
Long-distance signaling
defined, 226
speciation and sexual selection, 242ff
Long-distance transmission, rules for
acoustic signals, 233–234