474
Index
Bat, cochlea compared with cetaceans, 99
echolocation, 157, 167, 184
hearing capabilities, 157
Beaked whales, depth of diving, 76
vestibular system dimensions, 78
Beam forming, 440
role of skull, 437
Beam pattern, reception, 352-353
Beamwidth, biosonar signals, 37lff
Behavior, Atlantic spotted dolphin, 234ff
Behavior, nonvocal, 241-242
Behavioral ecology, 160
Beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas),
audiogram, 5ff
biosonar beam formation, 37lff, 137
biosonar frequency range, 367-368
call types, 182-183
click interval patterns, 377
click source levels, 379
critical masking ratios, 357
echo-reverberation ratio, 386
EFR electrophysiology, 34
hearing, 53, 182
hearing and depth, 7-8, 75-76
response to killer whale sounds, 162
vocal learning, 210-211
vocalizations, 181-183
whistle signals, 366
Berardius bairdii, see Baird's beaked
whale
Big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus), 98
biosonar detection range, 380
cerebellum, 282
target range discrimination, 387
Binaural cues, Amazon river dolphin, 351
Binaural hearing, 346
Binaural processing, cues in whales,
67-68
Biosonar, see also Echolocation, Sonar
aspect-independent representation, 401
beam formation, 137ff, 145-146
bottom scattering, 383-384
capabilities, 379ff
clicks, duration, 115
clicks, frequency spectrum, 114ff
detection range, 379
echoes of complex target shapes, 40 Iff
echoes of cylinder wall thickness,
397-398
echoes of sphere vs cylinder, 399
echoes of target composition, 394
free swimming animals, 146
interference patterns, 140-141
number of sources, 142ff
pulses, repetition rate, and click intervals 112ff, 375 ff
Biosonar signal, dolphin, 359
early research, 118ff, 337
effects of noise, 366ff, 382
frequency and intensity range, 366, 368ff
intensity control, 142
properties, 371 ff
source levels, 377ff
sources, history, 109ff
species that don't whistle, 370ff
spectrum, causes, 141-142
sperm whale, 14-15
transmission beam pattern, 371 ff
Biosonar, sound propagation, 135ff
Biosonar target
cylinder and cube discrimination,
399-400
discrimination, 395-396
multidimensional discrimination, 400ff
sphere and cylinder discrimination,
398-399
Blindfolds, dolphins, 337
Blowhole ligament, sound production,
129
Blubber, density, 415ff
Blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus). I,
2,44
air volume, 452-453
call variability 442-443
diving and sound production, 457-459
larynx, 451, 452, 453-454
low frequency (infrasound), 54, 203
lung, 449
nasal passages, 451, 452-453
song, 28
song spectrogram, 30-31
sound production, 28, 44lff
sound production model, 409f
tympano-periotic complex, 66-67
vocalizations, 203ff
Body size
relationship to hearing, 208-210
relationship to vocalization, 208-210
Index
Bat, cochlea compared with cetaceans, 99
echolocation, 157, 167, 184
hearing capabilities, 157
Beaked whales, depth of diving, 76
vestibular system dimensions, 78
Beam forming, 440
role of skull, 437
Beam pattern, reception, 352-353
Beamwidth, biosonar signals, 37lff
Behavior, Atlantic spotted dolphin, 234ff
Behavior, nonvocal, 241-242
Behavioral ecology, 160
Beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas),
audiogram, 5ff
biosonar beam formation, 37lff, 137
biosonar frequency range, 367-368
call types, 182-183
click interval patterns, 377
click source levels, 379
critical masking ratios, 357
echo-reverberation ratio, 386
EFR electrophysiology, 34
hearing, 53, 182
hearing and depth, 7-8, 75-76
response to killer whale sounds, 162
vocal learning, 210-211
vocalizations, 181-183
whistle signals, 366
Berardius bairdii, see Baird's beaked
whale
Big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus), 98
biosonar detection range, 380
cerebellum, 282
target range discrimination, 387
Binaural cues, Amazon river dolphin, 351
Binaural hearing, 346
Binaural processing, cues in whales,
67-68
Biosonar, see also Echolocation, Sonar
aspect-independent representation, 401
beam formation, 137ff, 145-146
bottom scattering, 383-384
capabilities, 379ff
clicks, duration, 115
clicks, frequency spectrum, 114ff
detection range, 379
echoes of complex target shapes, 40 Iff
echoes of cylinder wall thickness,
397-398
echoes of sphere vs cylinder, 399
echoes of target composition, 394
free swimming animals, 146
interference patterns, 140-141
number of sources, 142ff
pulses, repetition rate, and click intervals 112ff, 375 ff
Biosonar signal, dolphin, 359
early research, 118ff, 337
effects of noise, 366ff, 382
frequency and intensity range, 366, 368ff
intensity control, 142
properties, 371 ff
source levels, 377ff
sources, history, 109ff
species that don't whistle, 370ff
spectrum, causes, 141-142
sperm whale, 14-15
transmission beam pattern, 371 ff
Biosonar, sound propagation, 135ff
Biosonar target
cylinder and cube discrimination,
399-400
discrimination, 395-396
multidimensional discrimination, 400ff
sphere and cylinder discrimination,
398-399
Blindfolds, dolphins, 337
Blowhole ligament, sound production,
129
Blubber, density, 415ff
Blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus). I,
2,44
air volume, 452-453
call variability 442-443
diving and sound production, 457-459
larynx, 451, 452, 453-454
low frequency (infrasound), 54, 203
lung, 449
nasal passages, 451, 452-453
song, 28
song spectrogram, 30-31
sound production, 28, 44lff
sound production model, 409f
tympano-periotic complex, 66-67
vocalizations, 203ff
Body size
relationship to hearing, 208-210
relationship to vocalization, 208-210