360
P.E. Nachtigall et al.
dolphin clicks has been effectively used with bats (Simmons and Grinnell
1988) and some work with dolphins (Au et aI.1988). Newly developed realtime phantom echo equipment that convolves the dolphin's actual click
with a target transfer function to produce the echo (Aubauer et al. 1998)
holds great promise, particularly in the examination of auditory cues used
in the classification of echolocation targets. These and other recent electronic and methodological advances promise to increase our understanding of marine mammal hearing substantially.
References
Andersen S (1970) Auditory sensitivity of the harbor porpoise, Phocoena phocoena.
In: Pilleri G (ed) Investigations on Cetacea, Vol. 2. Berne, Switzerland: BerneBtimpliz, pp. 255-259.
Au WWL (1993) The Sonar of Dolphins. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Au WWL, Banks K (1998) The acoustics of the snapping shrimp Synalpheus parneomeris in Kaneohe Bay. J Acoust Soc Am 103:41-47.
Au WWL, Moore PWB (1984) Receiving beam patterns and directivity indices of
the Atlantic bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus. J Acoust Soc Am 75:255-262.
Au WWL, Moore PWB (1990) Critical ratio and critical bandwidth for the Atlantic
bottlenose dolphin. J Acoust Soc Am 88:1635-1638.
Au WWL, Moore PWB, Pawloski DA (1988) Detection of complex echoes in noise
by an echolocating dolphin. J Acoust Soc Am 83:662-668.
Aubauer R, Au WWL, Pawloski JL, Pawloski DA, Nachtigall PE (1998) Discrimination of acoustically simulated and real underwater targets by dolphins.
Abstracts of the World Marine Mammal Science Conference, 20-24 January 1998,
Monaco.
Brill RL, Sevenich ML, Sullivan TJ, Sustman JD, Witt RE (1988) Behavioral evidence for hearing through the lower jaw by an echolocating dolphin, Tursiops
truncatus. Mar Mamm Sci 4:223-230.
Dolphin WF, Au WWL, Nachtigall PE, Pawloski J (1995) Modulation rate transfer
functions to low-frequency carriers in three species of cetaceans. J Comp Phys
177:235-245.
Dudok van Heel WH (1962) Sound and cetacea. Neth J of Sea Research 1:407-507.
Fay RR (1988) Hearing in Vertebrates: A Psychophysical Databook. Winnetka,
Illinois: Hill-Fay Associates.
Fechner GT (1860) Elemente der Psychophysik. Leipzig, Germany: Breitkopf u
Hartel.
Fletcher H (1940) Auditory patterns. Rev Mod Phys 12:47-65.
Fraser FC (1947) Sound emitted by dolphins. Nature 160:754.
Gescheider GA (1997) Psychophysics: The Fundamentals, 3rd ed. Mahwah, New
Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Green OM (1976) An Introduction to Hearing. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Griffin DR (1950) Measurements of the ultrasonic cries of bats. J Acoust Soc Am
22:247-255.
Griffin DR (1958) Listening in the Dark. Yale University Press New Haven.
Griffin DR, Galambos R (1941) The sensory basis of obstacle avoidance by flying
bats. J Exp 2001, 86:481-506.
P.E. Nachtigall et al.
dolphin clicks has been effectively used with bats (Simmons and Grinnell
1988) and some work with dolphins (Au et aI.1988). Newly developed realtime phantom echo equipment that convolves the dolphin's actual click
with a target transfer function to produce the echo (Aubauer et al. 1998)
holds great promise, particularly in the examination of auditory cues used
in the classification of echolocation targets. These and other recent electronic and methodological advances promise to increase our understanding of marine mammal hearing substantially.
References
Andersen S (1970) Auditory sensitivity of the harbor porpoise, Phocoena phocoena.
In: Pilleri G (ed) Investigations on Cetacea, Vol. 2. Berne, Switzerland: BerneBtimpliz, pp. 255-259.
Au WWL (1993) The Sonar of Dolphins. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Au WWL, Banks K (1998) The acoustics of the snapping shrimp Synalpheus parneomeris in Kaneohe Bay. J Acoust Soc Am 103:41-47.
Au WWL, Moore PWB (1984) Receiving beam patterns and directivity indices of
the Atlantic bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus. J Acoust Soc Am 75:255-262.
Au WWL, Moore PWB (1990) Critical ratio and critical bandwidth for the Atlantic
bottlenose dolphin. J Acoust Soc Am 88:1635-1638.
Au WWL, Moore PWB, Pawloski DA (1988) Detection of complex echoes in noise
by an echolocating dolphin. J Acoust Soc Am 83:662-668.
Aubauer R, Au WWL, Pawloski JL, Pawloski DA, Nachtigall PE (1998) Discrimination of acoustically simulated and real underwater targets by dolphins.
Abstracts of the World Marine Mammal Science Conference, 20-24 January 1998,
Monaco.
Brill RL, Sevenich ML, Sullivan TJ, Sustman JD, Witt RE (1988) Behavioral evidence for hearing through the lower jaw by an echolocating dolphin, Tursiops
truncatus. Mar Mamm Sci 4:223-230.
Dolphin WF, Au WWL, Nachtigall PE, Pawloski J (1995) Modulation rate transfer
functions to low-frequency carriers in three species of cetaceans. J Comp Phys
177:235-245.
Dudok van Heel WH (1962) Sound and cetacea. Neth J of Sea Research 1:407-507.
Fay RR (1988) Hearing in Vertebrates: A Psychophysical Databook. Winnetka,
Illinois: Hill-Fay Associates.
Fechner GT (1860) Elemente der Psychophysik. Leipzig, Germany: Breitkopf u
Hartel.
Fletcher H (1940) Auditory patterns. Rev Mod Phys 12:47-65.
Fraser FC (1947) Sound emitted by dolphins. Nature 160:754.
Gescheider GA (1997) Psychophysics: The Fundamentals, 3rd ed. Mahwah, New
Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Green OM (1976) An Introduction to Hearing. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Griffin DR (1950) Measurements of the ultrasonic cries of bats. J Acoust Soc Am
22:247-255.
Griffin DR (1958) Listening in the Dark. Yale University Press New Haven.
Griffin DR, Galambos R (1941) The sensory basis of obstacle avoidance by flying
bats. J Exp 2001, 86:481-506.