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from donations of fishermen and official seizures. Suggesting that the species reproduces during the southern Summer (from January to March).
Through the partnership established between the Projeto Meros do Brasil/Instituto
Meros do Brasil and the Florida State University (Coastal and Marine Laboratory),
was implemented in Brazil the protocol using non-lethal sampling (Koenig et  al.
2016), generating important understanding of the reproductive biology and the reproductive aggregations of Goliath Grouper in the southern Brazil (Bueno et al. 2016).
Fig. 14.8 Macroscopic sex determination and oviduct features of the Goliath Grouper females
captured in the state of Paraná, southern Brazil  (Photo: Áthila Bertoncini)
Fig. 14.9 Gonad biopsies to determine sex and reproductive condition of captured females. A
polyethylene catheter is inserted through the oviduct into the lumen of the ovary to remove ovarian
tissue with a hand-operated vacuum pump  (Photo: Áthila Bertoncini)
14 The Atlantic Goliath Grouper: Conservation Strategies for a Critically Endangered…
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