their aetiology and reference is made accordingly to disease
conditions attributed to viruses, bacteria, fungal-like (i.e.
oomycetes) and parasites (Protist and Metazoa). A range of
non-infectious conditions which may also be encountered
during the examination of farmed and wild salmonids are
discussed, including those associated with farm production
methods, so called ‘production diseases’. Furthermore,
diseases of obscure, complex or unknown aetiology are
also discussed. Gross and light micrographs representing
key characteristics of each condition are incorporated.
It is important to remember that wild salmonids are
susceptible to the same infectious diseases recorded among
their farmed relatives, and several conditions have been known
or reported from wild fish prior to significant developments in
aquaculture (e.g. furunculosis, bacterial kidney disease, sea lice,
oomycete infections and Gyrodactylus salaris). Conversely,
some agents initially identified in farmed fish are now being
reported in wild non-salmonid fish (e.g. reovirus and salmonid
alphavirus), highlighting the complex relationship involving
carriers and virus reservoirs. Furthermore, there are conditions
that appear to be exclusive to wild fish e.g. red vent caused
by Anisakis simplex and the idiopathic ulcerative dermal necrosis (UDN).
It is impossible to include every disorder, but it is
believed that the material selected for this book represents
a comprehensive coverage of conditions found in wild and
farmed salmonids and this will provide an invaluable guide
to those involved in diagnosing fish diseases. It should be
emphasized that the fish health status is dynamic and therefore, curiosity and an open mind combined with thorough
knowledge and experience will remain an important attitude
for the fish pathologist.
Further Reading
Amin AB, Mortensen L, Poppe T (1992) Histology atlas, normal
structure of salmonids. Akvapatologisk Laboratorium AS, Bodø
Behnke RJ (2002) Trout and salmon of North America. The Free Press,
New York
Bergh Ø (2007) The dual myths of the healthy wild fish and the
unhealthy farmed fish. Dis Aquat Org 75:159–164
Branson EJ (2008) Fish welfare. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford
Farrell AP (2011) Encyclopedia of fish physiology, vol 1–3. Academic
Press, London
Ferguson HW (2006) Systemic pathology of fish. A text and atlas of
normal tissues in teleosts and their response in disease. Scotian
Press, London
Johansen L-H, Jensen I, Mikkelsen H, Bjørn P-A, Jansen PA, Bergh Ø
(2011) Disease interaction and pathogens exchange between wild
and farmed fish populations with special reference to Norway.
Aquaculture 315:167–186
Kent M, Poppe TT (1998) Diseases of sea water netpen-reared salmonid fishes. Fisheries and Oceans Canada, p 58. ISBN: 0920225101
Kristoffersen AB, Jensen BB, Jansen PA (2012) Risk mapping of heart
and skeletal muscle inflammation in salmon farming. Prev Vet Med
109: 136–143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2012.08.012
Leatherland JF, Woo PTK (2010) Fish diseases and disorders, noninfectious diseases, vol 2, 2nd edn. CABI Publishing, Oxfordshire
Marcos-Lo ´pez M, Gale P, Oidtmann BC, Peeler EJ (2010) Assessing
the impact of climate change on disease emergence in freshwater
fish in the United Kingdom. Transbound Emerg Dis 57:293–304
Mitchell SO, Rodger HD (2011) A review of infectious gill disease in
marine salmonid fish. J Fish Dis 34:411–432
Noga EJ (2010) Fish disease diagnosis and treatment, 2nd edn. WileyBlackwell, Ames
Ostrander GK (2000) The laboratory fish. Academic Press, San Diego
Poppe TT (2000) Husbandry diseases in fish farming – an ethical
challenge to the veterinary profession. Nor J Vet Med 112:15–20
Roberts RJ (2012) Fish pathology, 4th edn. Wiley-Blackwell, London
Rodger HD, Henry L, Mitchell SO (2011) Non-infectious gill disorders
of marine salmonid fish. Rev Fish Biol Fish 21:423–440
Soares S, Green DM, Turnbull JF, Crumlish M, Murray AG (2011) A
baseline method for benchmarking mortality losses in Atlantic
salmon (Salmo salar) production. Aquaculture 314:7–12
Woo PTK (2006) Fish diseases and disorders, vol 1, 2nd edn, Protozoan
and metazoan infections. CABI Publishing, Oxfordshire
Woo PTK, Bruno DW (2011) Fish diseases and disorders, vol 2, 2nd
edn, Viral, bacterial and fungal infections. CABI Publishing,
Oxfordshire
Woo PTK, Buchmann K (2012) Fish parasites pathobiology and protection. CABI Publishing, Oxfordshire
Woo PTK, Bruno DW, Lim LHS (2002) Diseases and disorders of
finfish in cage culture. CABI Publishing, Oxfordshire
Yasutake WT, Wales JH (1983) Microscopic anatomy of salmonids: an
Atlas. United States Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife
Service, Resource Publication 50, Washington, DC
4
1 Introduction
conditions attributed to viruses, bacteria, fungal-like (i.e.
oomycetes) and parasites (Protist and Metazoa). A range of
non-infectious conditions which may also be encountered
during the examination of farmed and wild salmonids are
discussed, including those associated with farm production
methods, so called ‘production diseases’. Furthermore,
diseases of obscure, complex or unknown aetiology are
also discussed. Gross and light micrographs representing
key characteristics of each condition are incorporated.
It is important to remember that wild salmonids are
susceptible to the same infectious diseases recorded among
their farmed relatives, and several conditions have been known
or reported from wild fish prior to significant developments in
aquaculture (e.g. furunculosis, bacterial kidney disease, sea lice,
oomycete infections and Gyrodactylus salaris). Conversely,
some agents initially identified in farmed fish are now being
reported in wild non-salmonid fish (e.g. reovirus and salmonid
alphavirus), highlighting the complex relationship involving
carriers and virus reservoirs. Furthermore, there are conditions
that appear to be exclusive to wild fish e.g. red vent caused
by Anisakis simplex and the idiopathic ulcerative dermal necrosis (UDN).
It is impossible to include every disorder, but it is
believed that the material selected for this book represents
a comprehensive coverage of conditions found in wild and
farmed salmonids and this will provide an invaluable guide
to those involved in diagnosing fish diseases. It should be
emphasized that the fish health status is dynamic and therefore, curiosity and an open mind combined with thorough
knowledge and experience will remain an important attitude
for the fish pathologist.
Further Reading
Amin AB, Mortensen L, Poppe T (1992) Histology atlas, normal
structure of salmonids. Akvapatologisk Laboratorium AS, Bodø
Behnke RJ (2002) Trout and salmon of North America. The Free Press,
New York
Bergh Ø (2007) The dual myths of the healthy wild fish and the
unhealthy farmed fish. Dis Aquat Org 75:159–164
Branson EJ (2008) Fish welfare. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford
Farrell AP (2011) Encyclopedia of fish physiology, vol 1–3. Academic
Press, London
Ferguson HW (2006) Systemic pathology of fish. A text and atlas of
normal tissues in teleosts and their response in disease. Scotian
Press, London
Johansen L-H, Jensen I, Mikkelsen H, Bjørn P-A, Jansen PA, Bergh Ø
(2011) Disease interaction and pathogens exchange between wild
and farmed fish populations with special reference to Norway.
Aquaculture 315:167–186
Kent M, Poppe TT (1998) Diseases of sea water netpen-reared salmonid fishes. Fisheries and Oceans Canada, p 58. ISBN: 0920225101
Kristoffersen AB, Jensen BB, Jansen PA (2012) Risk mapping of heart
and skeletal muscle inflammation in salmon farming. Prev Vet Med
109: 136–143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2012.08.012
Leatherland JF, Woo PTK (2010) Fish diseases and disorders, noninfectious diseases, vol 2, 2nd edn. CABI Publishing, Oxfordshire
Marcos-Lo ´pez M, Gale P, Oidtmann BC, Peeler EJ (2010) Assessing
the impact of climate change on disease emergence in freshwater
fish in the United Kingdom. Transbound Emerg Dis 57:293–304
Mitchell SO, Rodger HD (2011) A review of infectious gill disease in
marine salmonid fish. J Fish Dis 34:411–432
Noga EJ (2010) Fish disease diagnosis and treatment, 2nd edn. WileyBlackwell, Ames
Ostrander GK (2000) The laboratory fish. Academic Press, San Diego
Poppe TT (2000) Husbandry diseases in fish farming – an ethical
challenge to the veterinary profession. Nor J Vet Med 112:15–20
Roberts RJ (2012) Fish pathology, 4th edn. Wiley-Blackwell, London
Rodger HD, Henry L, Mitchell SO (2011) Non-infectious gill disorders
of marine salmonid fish. Rev Fish Biol Fish 21:423–440
Soares S, Green DM, Turnbull JF, Crumlish M, Murray AG (2011) A
baseline method for benchmarking mortality losses in Atlantic
salmon (Salmo salar) production. Aquaculture 314:7–12
Woo PTK (2006) Fish diseases and disorders, vol 1, 2nd edn, Protozoan
and metazoan infections. CABI Publishing, Oxfordshire
Woo PTK, Bruno DW (2011) Fish diseases and disorders, vol 2, 2nd
edn, Viral, bacterial and fungal infections. CABI Publishing,
Oxfordshire
Woo PTK, Buchmann K (2012) Fish parasites pathobiology and protection. CABI Publishing, Oxfordshire
Woo PTK, Bruno DW, Lim LHS (2002) Diseases and disorders of
finfish in cage culture. CABI Publishing, Oxfordshire
Yasutake WT, Wales JH (1983) Microscopic anatomy of salmonids: an
Atlas. United States Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife
Service, Resource Publication 50, Washington, DC
4
1 Introduction