Kocan R, LaPatra S, Gregg J, Winton J, Hershberger P (2006)
Ichthyophonus-induced cardiac damage: a mechanism for reduced
swimming stamina in salmonids. J Fish Dis 29:521–527
Kocan R, Hershberger P, Sanders G, Winton J (2009) Effects of
temperature on disease progression and swimming stamina in
Ichthyophonus-infected rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss
(Walbaum). J Fish Dis 32:835–843
Kube PD, Taylor RS, Elliott NG (2012) Genetic variation in parasite
resistance of Atlantic salmon to amoebic gill disease over multiple
infections. Aquaculture 364–365:165–172
Lamas J, Bruno DW (1992) Observations on the ultrastructure of the
attachment plate of Ichthyobodo sp., from Atlantic salmon, Salmo
salar L., reared in the marine environment. Bull Eur Assoc Fish
Pathol 12:171–173
Leibovitz L (1980) Ichthyophthiriasis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 176:30–31
Lom J, Nilsen F, Urawa S (2001) Redescription of Microsporidium
takedai (Awakura, 1974) as Kabatana takedai (Awakura, 1974)
comb. n. Dis Aquat Org 44:223–230
Markey PT, Blazer VS, Ewing MS, Kocan KM (1994) Loma sp. in
salmonids from the Eastern United States: associated lesions in
rainbow trout. J Aquat Animal Health 6:318–328
McVicar AH (1977) Ichthyophonus as a pathogen in farmed and wild
fish. Bull Office Int Epizoot 87:517–519
McVicar AH, Wootten R (1980) Disease in farmed juvenile Atlantic
salmon caused by Dermocystidium sp. In: Ahne W (ed) Fish
diseases. Third COPRAQ-Session. Springer, Berlin, pp 165–173
Miyajima S, Urawa S, Yokoyama H, Ogawa K (2007) Comparison of
susceptibility to Kabatana takedai (Microspora) among salmonid
fishes. Fish Pathol 42:149–157
Mo TA, Poppe TT, Iversen L (1990) Systemic hexamitosis in salt-water
reared Atlantic salmon. Bull Eur Assoc Fish Pathol 10:69–70
Morrison CM, Sprague V (1983) Loma salmonae (Putz, Hoffman and
Dunbar, 1965) in the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson,
and L. fontinalis sp. nov. (Microsporida) in the brook trout,
Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill). J Fish Dis 6:345–353
Morrison RN, Koppang EO, Hordvik I, Nowak BF (2006) MHC class II
+
cells in the gills of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) affected by
amoebic gill disease. Vet Immuno Immunopathol 109:297–303
Munday BL, Zilberg D, Findlay V (2001) Gill disease of marine fish
caused by infection with Neoparamoeba pemaquidensis. J Fish Dis
24:497–507
Nylund S, Nylund A, Watanabe K, Arnesen CE, Karlsbakk E (2010)
Paranucleospora theridon n. gen., n. sp. (Microsporidia, Enterocytozoonidae) with a life cycle in the salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus
salmonis, Copepoda) and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). J Eukaryot
Microbiol 57:95–114
Olsen RE, Dungagan CF, Holt RA (1991) Water-borne transmission of
Dermocystidium salmonis in the laboratory. Dis Aquat Org 12:41–48
Olsen MM, Kania PW, Heinecke RD, Skoedt K, Rasmussen KJ,
Buchmann K (2011) Cellular and humoral factors involved in the
response of rainbow trout gills to Ichthyophthirius multifiliis
infections: molecular and immunohistochemical studies. Fish
Shell Immunol 30:859–869
Poppe TT, Mo TA (1993) Systemic, granulomatous hexamitosis of farmed
Atlantic salmon: interaction with wild fish. Fish Res 17:147–152
Poppe TT, Mo TA, Iversen L (1992) Disseminated hexamitosis in
sea-caged Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar. Dis Aquat Org 14:91–97
Poynton SL, Fard RS, Jenkins J, Ferguson HW (2004) Ultrastructure of
pathogenic diplomonad flagellates from fish: characterization of
Spironucleus salmonis n. comb. from Northern Irish rainbow trout
Oncorhynchus mykiss, and a diagnostic guide for recognition of
species. Dis Aquat Org 60:49–64
Ramsay JM, Speare DJ, Dawe SC, Kent ML (2002) Xenoma formation
during microsporidial gill disease of salmonids caused by Loma
salmonae is affected by host species (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha,
O. kisutch, O. mykiss) but not by salinity. Dis Aquat Org
48:125–131
Roubal FR, Bullock AM, Robertson DA, Roberts RJ (1987) Ultrastructural aspects of infestation by Ichthyobodo necator (Henneguy,
1883) on the skin and gills of the salmonids Salmo salar L. and
Salmo gairdneri Richardson. J Fish Dis 10:181–192
Roubal FR, Lester RJG, Foster CK (1989) Studies on cultured and gillattached Paramoeba sp. (Gymnamoebae: Paramoebidae) and the
cytopathology of paramoebic gill disease in Atlantic salmon, Salmo
salar L., from Tasmania. J Fish Dis 12:481–492
Schmidt-Posthaus H, Polkinghorne A, Nufer L, Schifferli A,
Zimmermann DR, Segner H, Steiner P, Vaughan L (2012) A natural
freshwater origin for two chlamydial species, Candidatus
Piscichlamydia salmonis and Candidatus Clavochlamydia
salmonicola, causing mixed infections in wild brown trout (Salmo
trutta). Environ Microbiol 14:2048–2057
Steinum T, Kvellestad A, Rønneberg LB, Nilsen H, Asheim A, Nyga ˚rd
SM, Olsen AB, Dale OB (2008) First cases of amoebic gill disease
(AGD) in Norwegian salt water farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo
salar L., and phylogeny of the causative amoeba using 18S cDNA
sequences. J Fish Dis 31:205–214
Sterud E, Mo TA, Poppe TT (1977) Ultrastucture of Spironucleus
barkhanus n. sp. (Diplomonadida: Hexamitidae) from grayling
Thymallus thymallus (L.) (Salmonidae) and Atlantic salmon
Salmo salar L. (Salmonidae). J Eukaryot Microbiol 44:399–407
Sterud E, Mo TA, Poppe TT (1988) Systemic spironucleosis in
sea-farmed Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L, caused by Spironucleus
barkhanus transmitted from feral Arctic char Salvelinus alpinus?
Dis Aquat Org 33:63–66
Sterud E, Poppe TT, Bornø G (2003) Intracellular infection with
Spironucleus barkhanus (Diplomonadida: Hexamitidae) in farmed
Arctic char Salvelinus alpinus. Dis Aquat Org 56:155–161
Taylor RS, Kube PD, Muller WJ, Elliott NG (2009) Genetic variation
of gross gill pathology and survival of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar
L.) during natural amoebic gill disease challenge. Aquaculture
294:172–179
Urawa S (1989) Seasonal occurrence of Microsporidium takedai
(Microsporodia) infection in masou salmon, Oncorhynchus
masou, from the Chitose river. Physiol Ecol Jpn Spec 1:587–598
Urawa S (2006) Microsporidian infection. In: Hatai K Ogawa K (eds)
New atlas of fish diseases. Midori Shobo, p 38 (In Japanese)
Young ND, Dykova ´ I, Snekvik K, Novak BF, Morrison RN (2008)
Neoparamoeba perurans is a cosmopolitan aetiological agent of
amoebic gill disease. Dis Aquat Org 78:217–223
Further Reading
121
Ichthyophonus-induced cardiac damage: a mechanism for reduced
swimming stamina in salmonids. J Fish Dis 29:521–527
Kocan R, Hershberger P, Sanders G, Winton J (2009) Effects of
temperature on disease progression and swimming stamina in
Ichthyophonus-infected rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss
(Walbaum). J Fish Dis 32:835–843
Kube PD, Taylor RS, Elliott NG (2012) Genetic variation in parasite
resistance of Atlantic salmon to amoebic gill disease over multiple
infections. Aquaculture 364–365:165–172
Lamas J, Bruno DW (1992) Observations on the ultrastructure of the
attachment plate of Ichthyobodo sp., from Atlantic salmon, Salmo
salar L., reared in the marine environment. Bull Eur Assoc Fish
Pathol 12:171–173
Leibovitz L (1980) Ichthyophthiriasis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 176:30–31
Lom J, Nilsen F, Urawa S (2001) Redescription of Microsporidium
takedai (Awakura, 1974) as Kabatana takedai (Awakura, 1974)
comb. n. Dis Aquat Org 44:223–230
Markey PT, Blazer VS, Ewing MS, Kocan KM (1994) Loma sp. in
salmonids from the Eastern United States: associated lesions in
rainbow trout. J Aquat Animal Health 6:318–328
McVicar AH (1977) Ichthyophonus as a pathogen in farmed and wild
fish. Bull Office Int Epizoot 87:517–519
McVicar AH, Wootten R (1980) Disease in farmed juvenile Atlantic
salmon caused by Dermocystidium sp. In: Ahne W (ed) Fish
diseases. Third COPRAQ-Session. Springer, Berlin, pp 165–173
Miyajima S, Urawa S, Yokoyama H, Ogawa K (2007) Comparison of
susceptibility to Kabatana takedai (Microspora) among salmonid
fishes. Fish Pathol 42:149–157
Mo TA, Poppe TT, Iversen L (1990) Systemic hexamitosis in salt-water
reared Atlantic salmon. Bull Eur Assoc Fish Pathol 10:69–70
Morrison CM, Sprague V (1983) Loma salmonae (Putz, Hoffman and
Dunbar, 1965) in the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson,
and L. fontinalis sp. nov. (Microsporida) in the brook trout,
Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill). J Fish Dis 6:345–353
Morrison RN, Koppang EO, Hordvik I, Nowak BF (2006) MHC class II
+
cells in the gills of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) affected by
amoebic gill disease. Vet Immuno Immunopathol 109:297–303
Munday BL, Zilberg D, Findlay V (2001) Gill disease of marine fish
caused by infection with Neoparamoeba pemaquidensis. J Fish Dis
24:497–507
Nylund S, Nylund A, Watanabe K, Arnesen CE, Karlsbakk E (2010)
Paranucleospora theridon n. gen., n. sp. (Microsporidia, Enterocytozoonidae) with a life cycle in the salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus
salmonis, Copepoda) and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). J Eukaryot
Microbiol 57:95–114
Olsen RE, Dungagan CF, Holt RA (1991) Water-borne transmission of
Dermocystidium salmonis in the laboratory. Dis Aquat Org 12:41–48
Olsen MM, Kania PW, Heinecke RD, Skoedt K, Rasmussen KJ,
Buchmann K (2011) Cellular and humoral factors involved in the
response of rainbow trout gills to Ichthyophthirius multifiliis
infections: molecular and immunohistochemical studies. Fish
Shell Immunol 30:859–869
Poppe TT, Mo TA (1993) Systemic, granulomatous hexamitosis of farmed
Atlantic salmon: interaction with wild fish. Fish Res 17:147–152
Poppe TT, Mo TA, Iversen L (1992) Disseminated hexamitosis in
sea-caged Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar. Dis Aquat Org 14:91–97
Poynton SL, Fard RS, Jenkins J, Ferguson HW (2004) Ultrastructure of
pathogenic diplomonad flagellates from fish: characterization of
Spironucleus salmonis n. comb. from Northern Irish rainbow trout
Oncorhynchus mykiss, and a diagnostic guide for recognition of
species. Dis Aquat Org 60:49–64
Ramsay JM, Speare DJ, Dawe SC, Kent ML (2002) Xenoma formation
during microsporidial gill disease of salmonids caused by Loma
salmonae is affected by host species (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha,
O. kisutch, O. mykiss) but not by salinity. Dis Aquat Org
48:125–131
Roubal FR, Bullock AM, Robertson DA, Roberts RJ (1987) Ultrastructural aspects of infestation by Ichthyobodo necator (Henneguy,
1883) on the skin and gills of the salmonids Salmo salar L. and
Salmo gairdneri Richardson. J Fish Dis 10:181–192
Roubal FR, Lester RJG, Foster CK (1989) Studies on cultured and gillattached Paramoeba sp. (Gymnamoebae: Paramoebidae) and the
cytopathology of paramoebic gill disease in Atlantic salmon, Salmo
salar L., from Tasmania. J Fish Dis 12:481–492
Schmidt-Posthaus H, Polkinghorne A, Nufer L, Schifferli A,
Zimmermann DR, Segner H, Steiner P, Vaughan L (2012) A natural
freshwater origin for two chlamydial species, Candidatus
Piscichlamydia salmonis and Candidatus Clavochlamydia
salmonicola, causing mixed infections in wild brown trout (Salmo
trutta). Environ Microbiol 14:2048–2057
Steinum T, Kvellestad A, Rønneberg LB, Nilsen H, Asheim A, Nyga ˚rd
SM, Olsen AB, Dale OB (2008) First cases of amoebic gill disease
(AGD) in Norwegian salt water farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo
salar L., and phylogeny of the causative amoeba using 18S cDNA
sequences. J Fish Dis 31:205–214
Sterud E, Mo TA, Poppe TT (1977) Ultrastucture of Spironucleus
barkhanus n. sp. (Diplomonadida: Hexamitidae) from grayling
Thymallus thymallus (L.) (Salmonidae) and Atlantic salmon
Salmo salar L. (Salmonidae). J Eukaryot Microbiol 44:399–407
Sterud E, Mo TA, Poppe TT (1988) Systemic spironucleosis in
sea-farmed Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L, caused by Spironucleus
barkhanus transmitted from feral Arctic char Salvelinus alpinus?
Dis Aquat Org 33:63–66
Sterud E, Poppe TT, Bornø G (2003) Intracellular infection with
Spironucleus barkhanus (Diplomonadida: Hexamitidae) in farmed
Arctic char Salvelinus alpinus. Dis Aquat Org 56:155–161
Taylor RS, Kube PD, Muller WJ, Elliott NG (2009) Genetic variation
of gross gill pathology and survival of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar
L.) during natural amoebic gill disease challenge. Aquaculture
294:172–179
Urawa S (1989) Seasonal occurrence of Microsporidium takedai
(Microsporodia) infection in masou salmon, Oncorhynchus
masou, from the Chitose river. Physiol Ecol Jpn Spec 1:587–598
Urawa S (2006) Microsporidian infection. In: Hatai K Ogawa K (eds)
New atlas of fish diseases. Midori Shobo, p 38 (In Japanese)
Young ND, Dykova ´ I, Snekvik K, Novak BF, Morrison RN (2008)
Neoparamoeba perurans is a cosmopolitan aetiological agent of
amoebic gill disease. Dis Aquat Org 78:217–223
Further Reading
121