I FISH Techniques, FISH Probes and Their Applications in Medicine and Biology - An Overview
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Structure of human chromosomes and interphase nuclei
FISH using specific sequences as probes has been extensively used in the
study of chromatin structure in chromosomes and interphase nuclei, often
supplemented with specialized imaging systems such as confocal microscopy. A new, exciting method for studying spatial positions of sequences
is the so-called CO-FISH, which can demonstrate close proximity of sequences. CO-FISH is an acronym for chromosome oriented fluorescence
in situ hybridization and has until now mostly been used for detecting
obligate chromosome inversions associated with isochromosomes (Bailey
et al. 1996). The technique has also been used in the investigation oflateral
asymmetry which refers to the unequal fluorescent intensity between adjacent sister chromatids (Goodwin et al. 1996).
The behavior of chromosomes during meiosis has been successfully
investigated by FISH techniques, as conventional banding techniques
here cannot unequivocally identify individual chromosomes. In this
type of experiments FISH allows normal and abnormal chromosomes
to be tracked during all stages of meiosis (Goldman et al. 1992, Barlow
et al. 1996). FISH has also been found to be an efficient and reliable method to assess replication timing of loci and that allele-specific replication
timing is tissue specific for many loci (Selig et al. 1992, Kitsberg et al. 1993).
FISH in combination with immunological methods
The so-called MAC (morphology, antibody, chromosome) technique is an
acronym for a technique which allows karyotypic analysis of morphologically and immunotypically classified cells (Knuutila and Keinanen
1985). The technique has also been successfully applied to analyze mitotic
cells in hematological malignancies (Tianen et al. 1992) and in the analysis
of meiosis I of human spermatocytes (Barlow et al. 1996).
When analyzing subpopulations of cells as in residual disease, (Anastasia et al. 1991) or to predict hematological relapse, (Bernell et al. 1996)
the technique FICTION (fluorescence immunophenotyping and interphase cytogenetics) has been used which combines immunophenotyping
and interphase FISH to identify the chromosomal status of cells with specific immunophenotypes (Weber-Matthiesen et al. 1993).
39
Structure of human chromosomes and interphase nuclei
FISH using specific sequences as probes has been extensively used in the
study of chromatin structure in chromosomes and interphase nuclei, often
supplemented with specialized imaging systems such as confocal microscopy. A new, exciting method for studying spatial positions of sequences
is the so-called CO-FISH, which can demonstrate close proximity of sequences. CO-FISH is an acronym for chromosome oriented fluorescence
in situ hybridization and has until now mostly been used for detecting
obligate chromosome inversions associated with isochromosomes (Bailey
et al. 1996). The technique has also been used in the investigation oflateral
asymmetry which refers to the unequal fluorescent intensity between adjacent sister chromatids (Goodwin et al. 1996).
The behavior of chromosomes during meiosis has been successfully
investigated by FISH techniques, as conventional banding techniques
here cannot unequivocally identify individual chromosomes. In this
type of experiments FISH allows normal and abnormal chromosomes
to be tracked during all stages of meiosis (Goldman et al. 1992, Barlow
et al. 1996). FISH has also been found to be an efficient and reliable method to assess replication timing of loci and that allele-specific replication
timing is tissue specific for many loci (Selig et al. 1992, Kitsberg et al. 1993).
FISH in combination with immunological methods
The so-called MAC (morphology, antibody, chromosome) technique is an
acronym for a technique which allows karyotypic analysis of morphologically and immunotypically classified cells (Knuutila and Keinanen
1985). The technique has also been successfully applied to analyze mitotic
cells in hematological malignancies (Tianen et al. 1992) and in the analysis
of meiosis I of human spermatocytes (Barlow et al. 1996).
When analyzing subpopulations of cells as in residual disease, (Anastasia et al. 1991) or to predict hematological relapse, (Bernell et al. 1996)
the technique FICTION (fluorescence immunophenotyping and interphase cytogenetics) has been used which combines immunophenotyping
and interphase FISH to identify the chromosomal status of cells with specific immunophenotypes (Weber-Matthiesen et al. 1993).