300
o. Clement et al.
differentiation has been also precisely analyzed, mainly by the F statistics
of Wright [7], which represent the second objective of this paper.
Several species of this family are difficult to catch or rare. Nevertheless,
the collection of the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle of Paris,
constituted during several years of Antarctic expeditions, was the most
complete known for biological analyses and specially for allozymes.
Analysing that precious collection before allozyme inactivation was a
strong stimulation.
Material and Methods
Sampling
Samples of liver and muscle of 14 species of Channichthyidae have been
collected during several expeditions: EPOS leg 3 cruise on board the
oceanographic ship "Polarstern" around the South Shetland Islands and
the Weddell Sea (January-February 1989); AAMBER II cruise in the
Prydz Bay (February 1991); THIRST cruise of the "Aurora Australis"
oceanographic ship around Heard Island (September 1993) and ICOTA
campaign in Adelie Land (January- February 1996).
Each species is represented by 1 to 65 individuals. Moreover, several
reasons explain the various enzymatic activities observed: depending on
the cruise, the tissues were either rapidly frozen in liquid nitrogen or
deep-frozen between -20°C and -80 °C on board; the storing conditions
between the Antarctic and Paris were diverse (from -195°C to -20°C).
Only muscle samples were collected around Heard Island because the
livers were too parasitized to be used. Finally, the time between sampling
and analyzing is variable (from 1 to 8 years) for the respective samples.
A nototheniid fish, Trematomus lepidorhinus (Pappenheim, 1912) from
the Weddell Sea (11 specimens), has been included in the sample as an
outgroup for the phylogenetic analysis.
The following list give the names of species, the sample sizes and the
localities: Chaenocephalus aceratus Lannberg, 1906, Shetland Islands (4
specimens); Chaenodraco wilsoni Regan, 1914, Weddell Sea (WS) (10
sp) + Prydz Bay (6 sp); Champsocephalus gunnari Lannberg, 1905,
Heard Island (10 sp); Channichthys rhinoceratus Richardson, 1844,
Heard Island (10 sp); Chionobathyscus dewitti Andriashev and Neelov,
1978, WS (1 sp);Chionodraco hamatus Lannberg 1905, WS (18 sp) +
Adelie Land (4 sp) + Prydz Bay (6 sp); Chionodraco myersi DeWitt and
Tyler 1960, WS (59 sp) + Prydz Bay (6 sp); Chionodraco rastrospinosus
DeWitt and Hureau 1979, WS (4 sp); Cryodraco antarcticus Dollo 1900,
o. Clement et al.
differentiation has been also precisely analyzed, mainly by the F statistics
of Wright [7], which represent the second objective of this paper.
Several species of this family are difficult to catch or rare. Nevertheless,
the collection of the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle of Paris,
constituted during several years of Antarctic expeditions, was the most
complete known for biological analyses and specially for allozymes.
Analysing that precious collection before allozyme inactivation was a
strong stimulation.
Material and Methods
Sampling
Samples of liver and muscle of 14 species of Channichthyidae have been
collected during several expeditions: EPOS leg 3 cruise on board the
oceanographic ship "Polarstern" around the South Shetland Islands and
the Weddell Sea (January-February 1989); AAMBER II cruise in the
Prydz Bay (February 1991); THIRST cruise of the "Aurora Australis"
oceanographic ship around Heard Island (September 1993) and ICOTA
campaign in Adelie Land (January- February 1996).
Each species is represented by 1 to 65 individuals. Moreover, several
reasons explain the various enzymatic activities observed: depending on
the cruise, the tissues were either rapidly frozen in liquid nitrogen or
deep-frozen between -20°C and -80 °C on board; the storing conditions
between the Antarctic and Paris were diverse (from -195°C to -20°C).
Only muscle samples were collected around Heard Island because the
livers were too parasitized to be used. Finally, the time between sampling
and analyzing is variable (from 1 to 8 years) for the respective samples.
A nototheniid fish, Trematomus lepidorhinus (Pappenheim, 1912) from
the Weddell Sea (11 specimens), has been included in the sample as an
outgroup for the phylogenetic analysis.
The following list give the names of species, the sample sizes and the
localities: Chaenocephalus aceratus Lannberg, 1906, Shetland Islands (4
specimens); Chaenodraco wilsoni Regan, 1914, Weddell Sea (WS) (10
sp) + Prydz Bay (6 sp); Champsocephalus gunnari Lannberg, 1905,
Heard Island (10 sp); Channichthys rhinoceratus Richardson, 1844,
Heard Island (10 sp); Chionobathyscus dewitti Andriashev and Neelov,
1978, WS (1 sp);Chionodraco hamatus Lannberg 1905, WS (18 sp) +
Adelie Land (4 sp) + Prydz Bay (6 sp); Chionodraco myersi DeWitt and
Tyler 1960, WS (59 sp) + Prydz Bay (6 sp); Chionodraco rastrospinosus
DeWitt and Hureau 1979, WS (4 sp); Cryodraco antarcticus Dollo 1900,