254
G. Tagliafierro et al.
overcome utilizing a different pattern of regulatory peptides for the
control of intestinal wall motility or the calibration of blood vessels.
Another contributing factor could be the numerous parasites always
present in the gut of Antarctic fishes [33].
Parasites enhance the immune response and produce a chronic
inflammatory status. The NBS and the immune system can cross talk
using different kinds of messengers, such as citokines, hormones, and
neuropeptides. The neuropeptides more involved in the gut immune
regulation, sub P, VIP, CCK and somatostatin [15], are among those
which present a different distribution. At present no data about NBS
modifications by intestinal parasites are available in nonAntarctic teleosts
to support this hypothesis.
Acknowledgments
We acknowledge the fmancial support from the Italian National Programme for
Antarctic Research (PNRA).
References
1. Fujita T, Kobayashi S (1977) Structure and function of gut endocrine cells.
Int Rev Cytol Suppl 6: 187 -233
2. Vigna SR (1986) Gastrointestinal tract. In: Pang PKT, Schreibman MP (eds)
Vertebrate endocrinology: fundamentals and biomedical implications.
Academic Press, Orlando, pp 261-278
3. Fujita T, Kanno T, Kobayashi S (1988) The paraneuron. Springer-Verlag,
Tokyo
4. Langer M, Van Noorden S, Polak 1M, Pearse AGE (1979) Peptide hormonelike immunoreactivity in the gastrointestinal tract and endocrine pancreas of
eleven teleost species. Cell Tissue Res 199:493-508
5. Bjenning C, Holmgren S (1988) Neuropeptides in the fish gut. An
immunohistochemical study of evolutionary patterns. Histochemistry
88:155-163
6. Groff KE, Youson ill (1997) An immunohistochemical study of the
endocrine cells within the pancreas, intestine, and stomach of the gar
(Lepisosteus osseus L.). Gen Comp EndocrinoI106:1-16
7. Plisetskaya EM (1989) Pancreatic peptides. In: Holmgren S (ed) The
comparative physiology of regulatory peptides. Chapman and Hall, London,
New York, pp 174-202
8. Conlon 1M (1989) Biosynthesis of regulatory peptides: evolutionary aspects.
In: Holmgren S (ed) The comparative physiology of regulatory peptides.
Chapman and Hall, London, New York, pp 344-369
9. Uesaka T, Yano K, Yamasaki M, Ando M (1995) Somatostatin-vasoactive
intestinal peptide- and granulin-like peptides isolated from intestinal extracts
of goldfish, Carassius auratus. Gen Comp Endocrinol 99:298-306
G. Tagliafierro et al.
overcome utilizing a different pattern of regulatory peptides for the
control of intestinal wall motility or the calibration of blood vessels.
Another contributing factor could be the numerous parasites always
present in the gut of Antarctic fishes [33].
Parasites enhance the immune response and produce a chronic
inflammatory status. The NBS and the immune system can cross talk
using different kinds of messengers, such as citokines, hormones, and
neuropeptides. The neuropeptides more involved in the gut immune
regulation, sub P, VIP, CCK and somatostatin [15], are among those
which present a different distribution. At present no data about NBS
modifications by intestinal parasites are available in nonAntarctic teleosts
to support this hypothesis.
Acknowledgments
We acknowledge the fmancial support from the Italian National Programme for
Antarctic Research (PNRA).
References
1. Fujita T, Kobayashi S (1977) Structure and function of gut endocrine cells.
Int Rev Cytol Suppl 6: 187 -233
2. Vigna SR (1986) Gastrointestinal tract. In: Pang PKT, Schreibman MP (eds)
Vertebrate endocrinology: fundamentals and biomedical implications.
Academic Press, Orlando, pp 261-278
3. Fujita T, Kanno T, Kobayashi S (1988) The paraneuron. Springer-Verlag,
Tokyo
4. Langer M, Van Noorden S, Polak 1M, Pearse AGE (1979) Peptide hormonelike immunoreactivity in the gastrointestinal tract and endocrine pancreas of
eleven teleost species. Cell Tissue Res 199:493-508
5. Bjenning C, Holmgren S (1988) Neuropeptides in the fish gut. An
immunohistochemical study of evolutionary patterns. Histochemistry
88:155-163
6. Groff KE, Youson ill (1997) An immunohistochemical study of the
endocrine cells within the pancreas, intestine, and stomach of the gar
(Lepisosteus osseus L.). Gen Comp EndocrinoI106:1-16
7. Plisetskaya EM (1989) Pancreatic peptides. In: Holmgren S (ed) The
comparative physiology of regulatory peptides. Chapman and Hall, London,
New York, pp 174-202
8. Conlon 1M (1989) Biosynthesis of regulatory peptides: evolutionary aspects.
In: Holmgren S (ed) The comparative physiology of regulatory peptides.
Chapman and Hall, London, New York, pp 344-369
9. Uesaka T, Yano K, Yamasaki M, Ando M (1995) Somatostatin-vasoactive
intestinal peptide- and granulin-like peptides isolated from intestinal extracts
of goldfish, Carassius auratus. Gen Comp Endocrinol 99:298-306