1
Introduction
In many vertebrate groups, the study of karyotypes and genome size has contributed along with
analyses of mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences to the resolution of challenges in biology
systematics and evolution. However, in fishes—the most diverse of all vertebrate groups—higher
fi
taxa traditionally have been classified largely by morphology and paleontology, with a much
fi
smaller input of cytogenetic information. In part, this is because karyotypes can be obtained only
from living specimens, tissues, or cells, which makes it challenging to study the karyotypes of
fishes that are diffi
fi
cult to collect alive (e.g., deep-sea fi
fi
shes). Of course, even fresh material provides
fi
no guarantee that reliable chromosome fi gures can be obtained easily.
fi
DNA sequence data are exerting an increasingly strong influence in modern fi
fl
sh systematics, for
fi
example, by leading to proposed challenges in the classifi cation of numerous higher taxa ranging
fi
from genera to orders. However, the most fruitful approach is certain to be one that involves synthetic analyses of morphology, molecular phylogenetics, comparative karyology, and genome size,
rather than focusing on only one or a few of these sources of data. For example, although it may be
very diffi cult to establish homology of karyotypes analyzed by Giemsa staining and several banding
fi
methods among taxa, the polarity of karyotype states nonetheless can still be inferred by analysis
of Robertsonian fusion/fi ssion, tandem fusion, pericentric inversion, paracentric inversion, aneufi
ploidy, or polyploidy in any monophyletic taxon, even when the polarity of DNA sequences is
unclear. The role of cytogenetic data is likely to increase further because powerful new methods
such as fl uorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) (Phillips 2007: P-53) are implemented in fi
fl
shes
fi
beyond model species (e.g., zebrafish, medaka, sticklebacks, and pufferfi
fi
sh). Given their limited
fi
scope, FISH data are not included here, but their future importance is clearly acknowledged.
The purpose of this book is to facilitate the implementation of an integrative approach to fish
fi
systematics by providing karyotype information for 3,425 species/subspecies of extant jawless,
cartilaginous, actinopterygian, and lobe-finned fi
fi
shes. This presentation fi
fi
lls an important need,
fi
as fi sh karyotypes tend to be published not only in well-known and easily accessible journals, but
fi
also in museum journals of more regional significance or in other venues that are diffi
fi
cult to
fi
obtain. Several books on fi sh chromosomes have been published in the past (Denton 1973: D-7;
fi
Chiarelli and Capanna 1973: C-1; Ojima 1983: O-73; Vasiliev 1985: V-72; Klinkhardt et al. 1995:
K-114), but this volume represents the fi rst in nearly 15 years and is the most comprehensive. Such
fi
an update is clearly warranted, given the historical growth in the numbers of karyotyped species/
subspecies listed in Table 1.
㪫 㪫㪸㪹㫃㪼㩷㪈㩷㩷㪟㫀㫊㫋㫆㫉㫀㪺㪸㫃㩷㫋㫉㪸㫅㫊㫀㫋㫀㫆㫅㩷㫆㪽㩷㫋㪿㪼㩷㫅㫌㫄㪹㪼㫉㫊㩷㫆㪽㩷㫂㪸㫉㫐㫆㫋㫐㫇㪼㪻㩷㫊㫇㪼㪺㫀㪼㫊㪆㫊㫌㪹㫊㫇㪼㪺㫀㪼㫊
㪘㫌㫋㪿㫆㫉㩿㫊㪀
㪛㪼㫅㫋㫆㫅
㪧㪸㫉㫂
㪦㫁㫀㫄㪸㩷㪼㫋㩷㪸㫃㪅 㪪㫆㫃㪸㩷㪼㫋㩷㪸㫃㪅
㪦㫁㫀㫄㪸
㪭㪸㫊㫀㫃㫀㪼㫍 㪢㫃㫀㫅㫂㪿㪸㫉㪻㫋㩷㪼㫋㩷㪸㫃㪅㩷
㪘㫉㪸㫀
㩷㩷㪰㪼㪸㫉
㪈㪐㪎㪊
㪈㪐㪎㪋
㪈㪐㪎㪍
㪈㪐㪏㪈
㪈㪐㪏㪊
㪈㪐㪏㪌
㪈㪐㪐㪌
㪫㪿㫀㫊
㪹㫆㫆㫂
㩷㩷㪩㪼㪽㪼㫉㪼㫅㪺㪼㩷㫅㫆㪅
㪛㪄㪎
㪧㪄㪍
㪦㪄㪉㪉
㪪㪄㪏㪏
㪦㪄㪎㪊
㪭㪄㪎㪉
㪢㪄㪈㪈㪋
㪤㫐㫏㫀㫅㫀
㪋
㪉
㪊
㪇
㪊
㪌
㪇
㪏
㪧㪼㫋㫉㫆㫄㫐㫑㫆㫅㫋㫀㪻㪸
㪎
㪍
㪏
㪇
㪎
㪈㪊
㪈㪋
㪈㪋
㪚㪿㫆㫅㪻㫉㫀㪺㪿㫋㪿㫐㪼㫊
㩷㩷㪟㫆㫃㫆㪺㪼㫇㪿㪸㫃㫀
㪈
㪉
㪇
㪇
㪉
㪉
㪉
㪉
㩷㩷㪜㫃㪸㫊㫄㫆㪹㫉㪸㫅㪺㪿㫀㫀
㪈㪌
㪏
㪋
㪇
㪈㪊
㪈㪎
㪌㪉
㪍㪏
㪘㪺㫋㫀㫅㫆㫇㫋㪼㫉㫐㪾㫀㫀
㩷㩷㪚㫃㪸㪻㫀㫊㫋㫀㪸㩷
㪉
㪉
㪉
㪋
㪎
㪍
㪎
㪎
㩷㩷㪚㪿㫆㫅㪻㫉㫆㫊㫋㪼㫀
㪈
㪋
㪇
㪌
㪎
㪈㪉
㪈㪉
㪉㪈
㩷㩷㪥㪼㫆㫇㫋㪼㫉㫐㪾㫀㫀
㩷㩷㩷㩷㪟㫆㫃㫆㫊㫋㪼㫀
㪉
㪉
㪉
㪉
㪊
㪈
㪊
㪊
㩷㩷㩷㩷㪫㪼㫃㪼㫆㫊㫋㪼㫀
㪋㪋㪍
㪌㪇㪌
㪋㪈㪎
㪎㪐㪏
㪪㪸㫉㪺㫆㫇㫋㪼㫉㫐㪾㫀㫀
㪊
㪈
㪇
㪈
㪉
㪌
㪌
㪍
㪫㫆㫋㪸㫃
㪋㪏㪈
㪌㪊㪉
㪋㪊㪍
㪏㪈㪇
㪁㪪㫐㫅㫆㫅㫐㫄㫆㫌㫊㩷㫊㫇㪼㪺㫀㪼㫊㩷㫎㪼㫉㪼㩷㪺㫆㫌㫅㫋㪼㪻㩷㪸㫊㩷㪻㫀㪽㪽㪼㫉㪼㫅㫋㩷㫊㫇㪼㪺㫀㪼㫊㪅
㪈㪃㪇㪊㪌㪁
㪈㪃㪉㪌㪏
㪉㪃㪈㪏㪉㪁
㪊㪃㪉㪐㪍
㪈㪃㪇㪎㪐㪁
㪈㪃㪊㪈㪏
㪉㪃㪉㪎㪎㪁
㪊㪃㪋㪉㪌
R. Arai, Fish Karyotypes
© Springer 2011
Introduction
In many vertebrate groups, the study of karyotypes and genome size has contributed along with
analyses of mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences to the resolution of challenges in biology
systematics and evolution. However, in fishes—the most diverse of all vertebrate groups—higher
fi
taxa traditionally have been classified largely by morphology and paleontology, with a much
fi
smaller input of cytogenetic information. In part, this is because karyotypes can be obtained only
from living specimens, tissues, or cells, which makes it challenging to study the karyotypes of
fishes that are diffi
fi
cult to collect alive (e.g., deep-sea fi
fi
shes). Of course, even fresh material provides
fi
no guarantee that reliable chromosome fi gures can be obtained easily.
fi
DNA sequence data are exerting an increasingly strong influence in modern fi
fl
sh systematics, for
fi
example, by leading to proposed challenges in the classifi cation of numerous higher taxa ranging
fi
from genera to orders. However, the most fruitful approach is certain to be one that involves synthetic analyses of morphology, molecular phylogenetics, comparative karyology, and genome size,
rather than focusing on only one or a few of these sources of data. For example, although it may be
very diffi cult to establish homology of karyotypes analyzed by Giemsa staining and several banding
fi
methods among taxa, the polarity of karyotype states nonetheless can still be inferred by analysis
of Robertsonian fusion/fi ssion, tandem fusion, pericentric inversion, paracentric inversion, aneufi
ploidy, or polyploidy in any monophyletic taxon, even when the polarity of DNA sequences is
unclear. The role of cytogenetic data is likely to increase further because powerful new methods
such as fl uorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) (Phillips 2007: P-53) are implemented in fi
fl
shes
fi
beyond model species (e.g., zebrafish, medaka, sticklebacks, and pufferfi
fi
sh). Given their limited
fi
scope, FISH data are not included here, but their future importance is clearly acknowledged.
The purpose of this book is to facilitate the implementation of an integrative approach to fish
fi
systematics by providing karyotype information for 3,425 species/subspecies of extant jawless,
cartilaginous, actinopterygian, and lobe-finned fi
fi
shes. This presentation fi
fi
lls an important need,
fi
as fi sh karyotypes tend to be published not only in well-known and easily accessible journals, but
fi
also in museum journals of more regional significance or in other venues that are diffi
fi
cult to
fi
obtain. Several books on fi sh chromosomes have been published in the past (Denton 1973: D-7;
fi
Chiarelli and Capanna 1973: C-1; Ojima 1983: O-73; Vasiliev 1985: V-72; Klinkhardt et al. 1995:
K-114), but this volume represents the fi rst in nearly 15 years and is the most comprehensive. Such
fi
an update is clearly warranted, given the historical growth in the numbers of karyotyped species/
subspecies listed in Table 1.
㪫 㪫㪸㪹㫃㪼㩷㪈㩷㩷㪟㫀㫊㫋㫆㫉㫀㪺㪸㫃㩷㫋㫉㪸㫅㫊㫀㫋㫀㫆㫅㩷㫆㪽㩷㫋㪿㪼㩷㫅㫌㫄㪹㪼㫉㫊㩷㫆㪽㩷㫂㪸㫉㫐㫆㫋㫐㫇㪼㪻㩷㫊㫇㪼㪺㫀㪼㫊㪆㫊㫌㪹㫊㫇㪼㪺㫀㪼㫊
㪘㫌㫋㪿㫆㫉㩿㫊㪀
㪛㪼㫅㫋㫆㫅
㪧㪸㫉㫂
㪦㫁㫀㫄㪸㩷㪼㫋㩷㪸㫃㪅 㪪㫆㫃㪸㩷㪼㫋㩷㪸㫃㪅
㪦㫁㫀㫄㪸
㪭㪸㫊㫀㫃㫀㪼㫍 㪢㫃㫀㫅㫂㪿㪸㫉㪻㫋㩷㪼㫋㩷㪸㫃㪅㩷
㪘㫉㪸㫀
㩷㩷㪰㪼㪸㫉
㪈㪐㪎㪊
㪈㪐㪎㪋
㪈㪐㪎㪍
㪈㪐㪏㪈
㪈㪐㪏㪊
㪈㪐㪏㪌
㪈㪐㪐㪌
㪫㪿㫀㫊
㪹㫆㫆㫂
㩷㩷㪩㪼㪽㪼㫉㪼㫅㪺㪼㩷㫅㫆㪅
㪛㪄㪎
㪧㪄㪍
㪦㪄㪉㪉
㪪㪄㪏㪏
㪦㪄㪎㪊
㪭㪄㪎㪉
㪢㪄㪈㪈㪋
㪤㫐㫏㫀㫅㫀
㪋
㪉
㪊
㪇
㪊
㪌
㪇
㪏
㪧㪼㫋㫉㫆㫄㫐㫑㫆㫅㫋㫀㪻㪸
㪎
㪍
㪏
㪇
㪎
㪈㪊
㪈㪋
㪈㪋
㪚㪿㫆㫅㪻㫉㫀㪺㪿㫋㪿㫐㪼㫊
㩷㩷㪟㫆㫃㫆㪺㪼㫇㪿㪸㫃㫀
㪈
㪉
㪇
㪇
㪉
㪉
㪉
㪉
㩷㩷㪜㫃㪸㫊㫄㫆㪹㫉㪸㫅㪺㪿㫀㫀
㪈㪌
㪏
㪋
㪇
㪈㪊
㪈㪎
㪌㪉
㪍㪏
㪘㪺㫋㫀㫅㫆㫇㫋㪼㫉㫐㪾㫀㫀
㩷㩷㪚㫃㪸㪻㫀㫊㫋㫀㪸㩷
㪉
㪉
㪉
㪋
㪎
㪍
㪎
㪎
㩷㩷㪚㪿㫆㫅㪻㫉㫆㫊㫋㪼㫀
㪈
㪋
㪇
㪌
㪎
㪈㪉
㪈㪉
㪉㪈
㩷㩷㪥㪼㫆㫇㫋㪼㫉㫐㪾㫀㫀
㩷㩷㩷㩷㪟㫆㫃㫆㫊㫋㪼㫀
㪉
㪉
㪉
㪉
㪊
㪈
㪊
㪊
㩷㩷㩷㩷㪫㪼㫃㪼㫆㫊㫋㪼㫀
㪋㪋㪍
㪌㪇㪌
㪋㪈㪎
㪎㪐㪏
㪪㪸㫉㪺㫆㫇㫋㪼㫉㫐㪾㫀㫀
㪊
㪈
㪇
㪈
㪉
㪌
㪌
㪍
㪫㫆㫋㪸㫃
㪋㪏㪈
㪌㪊㪉
㪋㪊㪍
㪏㪈㪇
㪁㪪㫐㫅㫆㫅㫐㫄㫆㫌㫊㩷㫊㫇㪼㪺㫀㪼㫊㩷㫎㪼㫉㪼㩷㪺㫆㫌㫅㫋㪼㪻㩷㪸㫊㩷㪻㫀㪽㪽㪼㫉㪼㫅㫋㩷㫊㫇㪼㪺㫀㪼㫊㪅
㪈㪃㪇㪊㪌㪁
㪈㪃㪉㪌㪏
㪉㪃㪈㪏㪉㪁
㪊㪃㪉㪐㪍
㪈㪃㪇㪎㪐㪁
㪈㪃㪊㪈㪏
㪉㪃㪉㪎㪎㪁
㪊㪃㪋㪉㪌
R. Arai, Fish Karyotypes
© Springer 2011