onic stages are named according to Kaestner (1967)
and Schrehardt (1987). The terminology of the antennal parts basically follows Sars (1898, 1899), Barnard
(1929), Linder (1941), and Mackin (1942). We propose
3 new terms: peduncle, pulvinus, and inner lamella
(see Results). For the biometry, and description of the
location of ovaries, we established a standard method
to measure and to name the parts and regions of the
body as follows:
1. standard length (sl). Length from tip of head to
posterior margin of telson.
2. total length (tl). Length from tip of head to posterior
margin of longest cercopod (furcal rami), excluding setae. Note: sl and tl were normally taken with
the ventral side up.
3. trunk segments. All postcephalic segments, I to
XX. e.g., trunk segment I = first phyllopod-bearing
segment; trunk segment XX = telson (anal segment).
4. thoracic segments. All phyllopod-bearing segments, 1 to 11 (trunk segments Ito XI).
5. genital segments. The first two segments posterior
to the thoracic segments (trunk segments XII &
XIII). Baqai (1963) reported on S. sealii that the
muscles of the genital segments are homologous
to those of the thoracic segments except for the
absence of the appendicular muscles, and that the
first two true abdominal segments are the trunk
segments XIV & XV.
6. abdominal segments. All post-genital nonphyllopod-bearing segments, 1 to 7 (trunk segments XIV to XX).
7. length of the basal antennal joint (bj). Length of
the straight line from the anterior basal margin of
the antennule to the posterior mar¥in of the apical
joint, just in contact with the lateroventral side of
the basal joint (Fig. 3).
8. length of the apical antennaljoint (aj). Length of the
straight line from the external basal margin of the
apical joint, just in contact with the distal antennal
outgrowth to the external margin, at the tip of the
apical joint.
9. length of the peduncle of the distal antennal outgrowth (pd). Length of the straight line of the
extended peduncle from the posterior margin of
the apical joint just in contact with the lateroventral side of the basal joint to the insertion of the
dorsal side of the base of the hand to the peduncle
(Fig. 3).
All measurements were made using an eye-piece
micrometer on a stereo microscope Wild M3 equipped
205
with a movable glass fiber light source. The standard
and total lengths were measured to the nearest 0.18
mm, ventral side up. The lengths of the basal and
apical joints, and of the peduncle were measured to the
nearest 0.032 mm and normally taken from the right
antenna, in lateral view. To demonstrate differences in
length of the peduncle, the ratios pd/sl, pd/bj, aj/pd,
bj/sl, ajlsl, and (bj + pd)/sl were calculated for each
specimen. The average and standard deviation of sl,
pd/sl, pd/bj and aj/pd of each sample are given in Table
1. Females were examined under the same microscope
for the location and extent of their ovaries. A summary
on the presence or absence of the pulvinus and the
linguiform genital outgrowths, termination of the nonretractile basal part of the penes, general morphology
of the cercopods, and termination of the brood-pouch
is presented in Table 2.
In the taxonomic account, values for total length
are given. In samples with three or more specimens,
average and range are given. Most of the material was
corroborated, rectified, or identified according to the
original descriptions. For updated diagnoses and geographical distribution of the species see Brendonck &
Belk(1993), Dumontetal. (1995; this volume), Hamer
& Appleton (1993), Hamer & Brendonck (1993), and
Hamer et al. (1994 a,b) for Africa and Eurasia, Belk
& Esparza (1995; this volume) for India, and MaedaMartInez et al. (1995; this volume) for North America.
For scanning electron micrographs, fixed specimens were critical-point dried, coated with gold (9
nm, Balzers Union SCD 040) and analyzed under a
JEOL ISM 840 (SEM) at 10 kYo
Results
External morphology of the male antenna
At the nauplius stage, the antenna is biramous. The
exopodite, endopodite and two endites are present. At
the end of the post-metanaupliar period, the two endites
are no longer noticeable, and during several postlarval stages, the endopodite degenerates (Fig. 1 A, F).
The exopodite transforms into a two-jointed structure:
the basal and apical antennal joints. Recently, Schrehardt (1987) has demonstrated that in Artemia the twojointed male antenna is formed from the exopodite.
Considering that before Schrehardt's study, authors
thought that the basal joint was derived from the protopodite, and the apical joint from the exopodite, Belk
and Schrehardt (1987). The terminology of the antennal parts basically follows Sars (1898, 1899), Barnard
(1929), Linder (1941), and Mackin (1942). We propose
3 new terms: peduncle, pulvinus, and inner lamella
(see Results). For the biometry, and description of the
location of ovaries, we established a standard method
to measure and to name the parts and regions of the
body as follows:
1. standard length (sl). Length from tip of head to
posterior margin of telson.
2. total length (tl). Length from tip of head to posterior
margin of longest cercopod (furcal rami), excluding setae. Note: sl and tl were normally taken with
the ventral side up.
3. trunk segments. All postcephalic segments, I to
XX. e.g., trunk segment I = first phyllopod-bearing
segment; trunk segment XX = telson (anal segment).
4. thoracic segments. All phyllopod-bearing segments, 1 to 11 (trunk segments Ito XI).
5. genital segments. The first two segments posterior
to the thoracic segments (trunk segments XII &
XIII). Baqai (1963) reported on S. sealii that the
muscles of the genital segments are homologous
to those of the thoracic segments except for the
absence of the appendicular muscles, and that the
first two true abdominal segments are the trunk
segments XIV & XV.
6. abdominal segments. All post-genital nonphyllopod-bearing segments, 1 to 7 (trunk segments XIV to XX).
7. length of the basal antennal joint (bj). Length of
the straight line from the anterior basal margin of
the antennule to the posterior mar¥in of the apical
joint, just in contact with the lateroventral side of
the basal joint (Fig. 3).
8. length of the apical antennaljoint (aj). Length of the
straight line from the external basal margin of the
apical joint, just in contact with the distal antennal
outgrowth to the external margin, at the tip of the
apical joint.
9. length of the peduncle of the distal antennal outgrowth (pd). Length of the straight line of the
extended peduncle from the posterior margin of
the apical joint just in contact with the lateroventral side of the basal joint to the insertion of the
dorsal side of the base of the hand to the peduncle
(Fig. 3).
All measurements were made using an eye-piece
micrometer on a stereo microscope Wild M3 equipped
205
with a movable glass fiber light source. The standard
and total lengths were measured to the nearest 0.18
mm, ventral side up. The lengths of the basal and
apical joints, and of the peduncle were measured to the
nearest 0.032 mm and normally taken from the right
antenna, in lateral view. To demonstrate differences in
length of the peduncle, the ratios pd/sl, pd/bj, aj/pd,
bj/sl, ajlsl, and (bj + pd)/sl were calculated for each
specimen. The average and standard deviation of sl,
pd/sl, pd/bj and aj/pd of each sample are given in Table
1. Females were examined under the same microscope
for the location and extent of their ovaries. A summary
on the presence or absence of the pulvinus and the
linguiform genital outgrowths, termination of the nonretractile basal part of the penes, general morphology
of the cercopods, and termination of the brood-pouch
is presented in Table 2.
In the taxonomic account, values for total length
are given. In samples with three or more specimens,
average and range are given. Most of the material was
corroborated, rectified, or identified according to the
original descriptions. For updated diagnoses and geographical distribution of the species see Brendonck &
Belk(1993), Dumontetal. (1995; this volume), Hamer
& Appleton (1993), Hamer & Brendonck (1993), and
Hamer et al. (1994 a,b) for Africa and Eurasia, Belk
& Esparza (1995; this volume) for India, and MaedaMartInez et al. (1995; this volume) for North America.
For scanning electron micrographs, fixed specimens were critical-point dried, coated with gold (9
nm, Balzers Union SCD 040) and analyzed under a
JEOL ISM 840 (SEM) at 10 kYo
Results
External morphology of the male antenna
At the nauplius stage, the antenna is biramous. The
exopodite, endopodite and two endites are present. At
the end of the post-metanaupliar period, the two endites
are no longer noticeable, and during several postlarval stages, the endopodite degenerates (Fig. 1 A, F).
The exopodite transforms into a two-jointed structure:
the basal and apical antennal joints. Recently, Schrehardt (1987) has demonstrated that in Artemia the twojointed male antenna is formed from the exopodite.
Considering that before Schrehardt's study, authors
thought that the basal joint was derived from the protopodite, and the apical joint from the exopodite, Belk