x
Contents
4
Activity Patterns .............................
41
4.1
Daily Patterns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41
4.2
Seasonal Patterns .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42
4.3
Feeding Activity .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
44
4.4
Oviposition Patterns ..........................
46
4.5
The Joint Effect of Temperature and Humidity
on Feeding Activity and Demography ............
49
4.5.1
Short-Term Effect of Varying Temperature
and Humidity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
49
4.5.2
Energetics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
51
4.5.3
Long-Term Effect of Temperature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
53
4.5.4
The Effect of Thermal Past
on Demographic Parameters ...................
55
5
5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.3.1
5.1.3.2
5.1.3.3
5.1.3.4
5.1.3.5
5.2
5.3
5.3.1
5.3.2
6
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.4.1
6.4.2
Life Cycle Tactics and Development ............. .
Life History Characteristics .................... .
Life Span ................................... .
Age of Maturity ............................. .
Reproductive Strategies ....................... .
Thelytoky and Sexual Reproduction ............ .
Semelparity and Iteroparity ................... .
Parental Care ............................... .
Reproductive Effort .......................... .
The Effect of Temperature and Humidity
on Egg-Laying Patterns ....................... .
Synchronisation Tactics ....................... .
Life Cycle Development ....................... .
Life Cycle Development
of Short-Lived Arthropods .................... .
Life Cycle Development
of Long-Lived Arthropods .................... .
Phenological Patterns ........................ .
Modelling Phenological Patterns ............... .
Numerical Responses of Microarthropods ....... .
Numerical Responses of Macroarthropods ....... .
Numerical Responses to Environmental Disasters ..
Population Dynamics ......................... .
Modelling Population Dynamics ............... .
59
59
61
62
62
63
65
67
68
68
69
71
71
73
77
77
79
84
86
86
87
Contents
4
Activity Patterns .............................
41
4.1
Daily Patterns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41
4.2
Seasonal Patterns .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42
4.3
Feeding Activity .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
44
4.4
Oviposition Patterns ..........................
46
4.5
The Joint Effect of Temperature and Humidity
on Feeding Activity and Demography ............
49
4.5.1
Short-Term Effect of Varying Temperature
and Humidity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
49
4.5.2
Energetics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
51
4.5.3
Long-Term Effect of Temperature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
53
4.5.4
The Effect of Thermal Past
on Demographic Parameters ...................
55
5
5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.3.1
5.1.3.2
5.1.3.3
5.1.3.4
5.1.3.5
5.2
5.3
5.3.1
5.3.2
6
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.4.1
6.4.2
Life Cycle Tactics and Development ............. .
Life History Characteristics .................... .
Life Span ................................... .
Age of Maturity ............................. .
Reproductive Strategies ....................... .
Thelytoky and Sexual Reproduction ............ .
Semelparity and Iteroparity ................... .
Parental Care ............................... .
Reproductive Effort .......................... .
The Effect of Temperature and Humidity
on Egg-Laying Patterns ....................... .
Synchronisation Tactics ....................... .
Life Cycle Development ....................... .
Life Cycle Development
of Short-Lived Arthropods .................... .
Life Cycle Development
of Long-Lived Arthropods .................... .
Phenological Patterns ........................ .
Modelling Phenological Patterns ............... .
Numerical Responses of Microarthropods ....... .
Numerical Responses of Macroarthropods ....... .
Numerical Responses to Environmental Disasters ..
Population Dynamics ......................... .
Modelling Population Dynamics ............... .
59
59
61
62
62
63
65
67
68
68
69
71
71
73
77
77
79
84
86
86
87