204
T. Jauffrais et al.
Krock B, Tillmann U, John U, Cembella A (2008) LC-MS-MS aboard ship: tandem mass
spectrometry in the search for phycotoxins and novel toxigenic plankton from the North Sea.
Anal Bioanal Chem 392:797–803
Krock B, Tillmann U, John U, Cembella AD (2009) Characterization of azaspiracids in plankton
size-fractions and isolation of an azaspiracid-producing dinoflagellate from the North Sea.
Harmful Algae 8:254–263
MacKenzie LA (2010) In situ passive solid-phase adsorption of micro-algal biotoxins as a
monitoring tool. Curr Opin Biotechnol 21:326–331
MacKenzie L, Beuzenberg V, Holland P, McNabb P, Selwood A (2004) Solid phase adsorption
toxin tracking (SPATT): a new monitoring tool that simulates the biotoxin contamination of
filter feeding bivalves. Toxicon 44:901–918
McCarron P, Kilcoyne J, Miles CO, Hess P (2009) Formation of azaspiracids-3, -4, -6, and -9
via decarboxylation of carboxyazaspiracid metabolites from shellfish. J Agric Food Chem
57:160–169
McMahon T, Silke J (1996) West coast of Ireland winter toxicity of unknown aetiology in mussels.
Harmful Algae News 14:2
Nicolaou KC, Koftis TV, Vyskocil S, Petrovic G, Ling TT, Yamada YMA, Tang WJ, Frederick MO
(2004) Structural revision and total synthesis of azaspiracid-1, part 2: definition of the ABCD
domain and total synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed 43:4318–4324
Ofuji K, Satake M, McMahon T, Silke J, James KJ, Naoki H, Oshima Y, Yasumoto T (1999) Two
analogs of azaspiracid isolated from mussels, Mytilus edulis, involved in human intoxication in
Ireland. Nat Toxins 7:99–102
Ofuji K, Satake M, McMahon T, James KJ, Naoki H, Oshima Y, Yasumoto T (2001) Structures of
azaspiracid analogs, azaspiracid-4 and azaspiracid-5, causative toxins of azaspiracid poisoning
in Europe. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 65:740–742
Perez RA, Rehmann N, Crain S, LeBlanc P, Craft C, MacKinnon S, Reeves K, Burton IW, Walter
JA, Hess P, Quilliam MA, Melanson JE (2010) The preparation of certified calibration solutions
for azaspiracid-1,-2, and -3, potent marine biotoxins found in shellfish. Anal Bioanal Chem
398:2243–2252
Rehmann N, Hess P, Quilliam MA (2008) Discovery of new analogs of the marine biotoxin azaspiracid in blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) by ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem
mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 22:549–558
Rundberget T, Sandvik M, Larsen K, Pizarro GM, Reguera B, Castberg T, Gustad E, Loader JI,
Rise F, Wilkins AL, Miles CO (2007) Extraction of microalgal toxins by large-scale pumping
of seawater in Spain and Norway, and isolation of okadaic acid and dinophysistoxin-2. Toxicon
50:960–970
Salas R, Tillmann U, John U, Kilcoyne J, Burson A, Cantwell C, Hess P, Jauffrais T, Silke J (2011)
The role of Azadinium spinosum (Dinophyceae) in the production of azaspiracid shellfish
poisoning in mussels. Harmful Algae 10:774–783
Satake M, Ofuji K, Naoki H, James KJ, Furey A, McMahon T, Silke J, Yasumoto T (1998)
Azaspiracid, a new marine toxin having unique spiro ring assemblies, isolated from Irish
mussels, Mytilus edulis. J Am Chem Soc 120:9967–9968
Tillmann U, Elbrachter M, Krock B, John U, Cembella A (2009) Azadinium spinosum gen.
et sp. nov. (Dinophyceae) identified as a primary producer of azaspiracid toxins. Eur J Phycol
44:63–79
T. Jauffrais et al.
Krock B, Tillmann U, John U, Cembella A (2008) LC-MS-MS aboard ship: tandem mass
spectrometry in the search for phycotoxins and novel toxigenic plankton from the North Sea.
Anal Bioanal Chem 392:797–803
Krock B, Tillmann U, John U, Cembella AD (2009) Characterization of azaspiracids in plankton
size-fractions and isolation of an azaspiracid-producing dinoflagellate from the North Sea.
Harmful Algae 8:254–263
MacKenzie LA (2010) In situ passive solid-phase adsorption of micro-algal biotoxins as a
monitoring tool. Curr Opin Biotechnol 21:326–331
MacKenzie L, Beuzenberg V, Holland P, McNabb P, Selwood A (2004) Solid phase adsorption
toxin tracking (SPATT): a new monitoring tool that simulates the biotoxin contamination of
filter feeding bivalves. Toxicon 44:901–918
McCarron P, Kilcoyne J, Miles CO, Hess P (2009) Formation of azaspiracids-3, -4, -6, and -9
via decarboxylation of carboxyazaspiracid metabolites from shellfish. J Agric Food Chem
57:160–169
McMahon T, Silke J (1996) West coast of Ireland winter toxicity of unknown aetiology in mussels.
Harmful Algae News 14:2
Nicolaou KC, Koftis TV, Vyskocil S, Petrovic G, Ling TT, Yamada YMA, Tang WJ, Frederick MO
(2004) Structural revision and total synthesis of azaspiracid-1, part 2: definition of the ABCD
domain and total synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed 43:4318–4324
Ofuji K, Satake M, McMahon T, Silke J, James KJ, Naoki H, Oshima Y, Yasumoto T (1999) Two
analogs of azaspiracid isolated from mussels, Mytilus edulis, involved in human intoxication in
Ireland. Nat Toxins 7:99–102
Ofuji K, Satake M, McMahon T, James KJ, Naoki H, Oshima Y, Yasumoto T (2001) Structures of
azaspiracid analogs, azaspiracid-4 and azaspiracid-5, causative toxins of azaspiracid poisoning
in Europe. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 65:740–742
Perez RA, Rehmann N, Crain S, LeBlanc P, Craft C, MacKinnon S, Reeves K, Burton IW, Walter
JA, Hess P, Quilliam MA, Melanson JE (2010) The preparation of certified calibration solutions
for azaspiracid-1,-2, and -3, potent marine biotoxins found in shellfish. Anal Bioanal Chem
398:2243–2252
Rehmann N, Hess P, Quilliam MA (2008) Discovery of new analogs of the marine biotoxin azaspiracid in blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) by ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem
mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 22:549–558
Rundberget T, Sandvik M, Larsen K, Pizarro GM, Reguera B, Castberg T, Gustad E, Loader JI,
Rise F, Wilkins AL, Miles CO (2007) Extraction of microalgal toxins by large-scale pumping
of seawater in Spain and Norway, and isolation of okadaic acid and dinophysistoxin-2. Toxicon
50:960–970
Salas R, Tillmann U, John U, Kilcoyne J, Burson A, Cantwell C, Hess P, Jauffrais T, Silke J (2011)
The role of Azadinium spinosum (Dinophyceae) in the production of azaspiracid shellfish
poisoning in mussels. Harmful Algae 10:774–783
Satake M, Ofuji K, Naoki H, James KJ, Furey A, McMahon T, Silke J, Yasumoto T (1998)
Azaspiracid, a new marine toxin having unique spiro ring assemblies, isolated from Irish
mussels, Mytilus edulis. J Am Chem Soc 120:9967–9968
Tillmann U, Elbrachter M, Krock B, John U, Cembella A (2009) Azadinium spinosum gen.
et sp. nov. (Dinophyceae) identified as a primary producer of azaspiracid toxins. Eur J Phycol
44:63–79