Santiago-Cardona, Pedro, César A. Berríos, Francisco Ramírez and José E. García-Arrarás.
(2003) Lipopolysaccharides induce intestinal serum amyloid A expression in the sea
cucumber Holothuria glaberrima. Dev Comp Immunol 27:105–110
Smith AB (1997) Echinoderm larvae and phylogeny. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 28:219–241
Suárez-Castillo EC, García-Arrarás JE (2007) Molecular Evolution of the Ependymin Protein
Family: A Necessary Update. BMC Evol Biol 15(7):23
Suárez-Castillo E, Medina-Ortíz W, Roig-López JL, JE García-Arrarás (2004) Ependymin, a
gene involved in regeneration and neuroplasticity is overexpressed during regeneration in the
echinoderm Holothuria glaberrima. Gene 334:133–143
Vicente VP, Goenaga C (1984) Mortandades masivas del erizo de mar Diadema antillarum
(Philippi) en Puerto Rico. Centro para Estudios Energéticos y Ambientales, Div Ecología
Marina, Univ Puerto Rico. Reporte CEER-M-195
Weil E (2005) Puerto Rico. In: Miloslavich P and Klein E (eds) Caribbean Marine Biodiversity
the known and unknown. Destesch Publications, Lancaster, pp 108
Weil E, Torres JL, Ashton M (2005) Population characteristics of the sea urchin Diadema
antillarum in La Parguera, Puerto Rico, 17 years after the mass mortality event. Rev Biol
Trop 53(Suppl 3):219–231
Williams EH Jr (1991) Threat to black sea urchins. Nature 352:385
Williams SM, García Sais J (2010) Temporal and spatial distribution patterns of echinoderm
larvae in La Parguera, Puerto Rico. Rev Biol Trop 58:81–88
Williams LB, Williams EH Jr, Bunkley AG Jr (1986) Isolated mortalities of the sea urchins
Astropyga magnifica and Eucidaris tribuloides in Puerto Rico. Bull Mar Sci 38:391–393
Williams EH Jr, Williams LB, Bruckner RJ, Bruckner AW, Ortiz-Corps EAR, Kerby AB, Jones
DEJ (1996) Recurring mass mortalities of the white-spined sea urchin, Tripneustes
ventricosus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) in Puerto Rico. Carib J Sci 32:111–112
Williams SM, García Sais J, Capella J (2009) Seasonal variation and spatial distribution patterns
of early larval stages of the long-spined sea urchin Diadema antillarum in La Parguera, Puerto
Rico. Carib J Sci 45:110–117
Williams SM, Yoshioka PM, García Sais J (2010) Settlement pattern of Diadema antillarum in
La Parguera, Puerto Rico. Coral Reefs. 29:809–812
Williams SM, García Sais J, Yoshioka PM (2011) Spatial variation of Diadema antillarum
settlement in La Parguera, Puerto Rico. Bull Mar Sci 87:531–540
Wolf TJ (1978) Aspects of the Biology of Astrophytum muricatum (Lamarck, 1816)
(Ophiuroidea: Gorgonocephalidae). MSc Thesis, Univ Puerto Rico, Mayagüez
Yoshioka PM, Owen GP, Pesante D (1985) Spatial and temporal variations in Caribbean
zooplankton near Puerto Rico. J Plank Res 7:733–752
Youngbluth MJ (1980) Daily, seasonal, and annual fluctuations among zooplankton populations
in an unpolluted tropical embayment. Est Coast Shelf Sci 10:265–287
14 Review of Echinoderm Research in Puerto Rico
469
(2003) Lipopolysaccharides induce intestinal serum amyloid A expression in the sea
cucumber Holothuria glaberrima. Dev Comp Immunol 27:105–110
Smith AB (1997) Echinoderm larvae and phylogeny. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 28:219–241
Suárez-Castillo EC, García-Arrarás JE (2007) Molecular Evolution of the Ependymin Protein
Family: A Necessary Update. BMC Evol Biol 15(7):23
Suárez-Castillo E, Medina-Ortíz W, Roig-López JL, JE García-Arrarás (2004) Ependymin, a
gene involved in regeneration and neuroplasticity is overexpressed during regeneration in the
echinoderm Holothuria glaberrima. Gene 334:133–143
Vicente VP, Goenaga C (1984) Mortandades masivas del erizo de mar Diadema antillarum
(Philippi) en Puerto Rico. Centro para Estudios Energéticos y Ambientales, Div Ecología
Marina, Univ Puerto Rico. Reporte CEER-M-195
Weil E (2005) Puerto Rico. In: Miloslavich P and Klein E (eds) Caribbean Marine Biodiversity
the known and unknown. Destesch Publications, Lancaster, pp 108
Weil E, Torres JL, Ashton M (2005) Population characteristics of the sea urchin Diadema
antillarum in La Parguera, Puerto Rico, 17 years after the mass mortality event. Rev Biol
Trop 53(Suppl 3):219–231
Williams EH Jr (1991) Threat to black sea urchins. Nature 352:385
Williams SM, García Sais J (2010) Temporal and spatial distribution patterns of echinoderm
larvae in La Parguera, Puerto Rico. Rev Biol Trop 58:81–88
Williams LB, Williams EH Jr, Bunkley AG Jr (1986) Isolated mortalities of the sea urchins
Astropyga magnifica and Eucidaris tribuloides in Puerto Rico. Bull Mar Sci 38:391–393
Williams EH Jr, Williams LB, Bruckner RJ, Bruckner AW, Ortiz-Corps EAR, Kerby AB, Jones
DEJ (1996) Recurring mass mortalities of the white-spined sea urchin, Tripneustes
ventricosus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) in Puerto Rico. Carib J Sci 32:111–112
Williams SM, García Sais J, Capella J (2009) Seasonal variation and spatial distribution patterns
of early larval stages of the long-spined sea urchin Diadema antillarum in La Parguera, Puerto
Rico. Carib J Sci 45:110–117
Williams SM, Yoshioka PM, García Sais J (2010) Settlement pattern of Diadema antillarum in
La Parguera, Puerto Rico. Coral Reefs. 29:809–812
Williams SM, García Sais J, Yoshioka PM (2011) Spatial variation of Diadema antillarum
settlement in La Parguera, Puerto Rico. Bull Mar Sci 87:531–540
Wolf TJ (1978) Aspects of the Biology of Astrophytum muricatum (Lamarck, 1816)
(Ophiuroidea: Gorgonocephalidae). MSc Thesis, Univ Puerto Rico, Mayagüez
Yoshioka PM, Owen GP, Pesante D (1985) Spatial and temporal variations in Caribbean
zooplankton near Puerto Rico. J Plank Res 7:733–752
Youngbluth MJ (1980) Daily, seasonal, and annual fluctuations among zooplankton populations
in an unpolluted tropical embayment. Est Coast Shelf Sci 10:265–287
14 Review of Echinoderm Research in Puerto Rico
469