González-Liboy JA (1971) The zonation and distribution of marine beach macro-invertebrates at
playa Maní, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico. MSc Thesis, Univ Puerto Rico, Mayagüez
Griffin SP, García RP, Weil E (2003) Bioerosion in coral reef communities in southwest Puerto
Rico by the sea urchin Echinometra viridis. Mar Biol 143:79–84
Hendler G, Miller JE, Pawson DL, Kier PM (1995) Sea Stars, Sea Urchins, and Allies:
Echinoderms of Florida and the Caribbean. Smith Inst Press, Washington
Iliffe TM, Pearse JS (1982) Annual and lunar reproductive rhythms of the sea urchin Diadema
antillarum (Philippi) in Bermuda. Int J Invert Repro 5:139–148
Kenk R (1944) Distribution and movements of Mellita lata and Astropecten marginatus. Biol
Bull 83:177–187
Keough MJ, Downes BJ (1982) Settlement of marine invertebrates: the role of active larval
choices and early mortality. Oecol 54:348–352
Kingsford MJ, Leis J, Shanks A, Lindeman K, Morgan S, Pineda J (2002) Sensory environments,
larval abilities and local self-recruitment. Bull Mar Sci 70:309–340
Lessios HA, Robertson DR, Cubit JD (1984) Spread of Diadema mass mortality through the
Caribbean. Science 226:335–337
Lessios HA (1988) Population dynamics of Diadema antillarum (Echinodermata: Echinoidea)
following mass mortality in Panama. Mar Biol 99:515–526
Lessios HA (1995) Diadema antillarum 10 years after mass mortality: still rare, despite help from
a competitor. Proc R Soc Lond B 259:331–337
Levin L (2006) Recent progress in understanding larval dispersal: new directions and digression.
Integr Comp Biol 46:282–297
Levitan DR (1995) The ecology of fertilization in free-spawning invertebrates. In: McEdward L
(ed) Ecology of Marine Invertebrate Larvae. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 123–156
Lewis JB (1958) The biology of the tropical sea urchin Tripneustes ventricosus Leske in
Barbados, British West Indies. Can J Zool 36:607–621
Lugo MA (2004) Population status of the black sea urchin Diadema antillarum (Phillipi) in La
Parguera, Puerto Rico, 20 years after the mass mortality event. MSc Thesis, Univ Puerto Rico,
Mayagüez
Mashanov VS, García-Arrarás JE (2011) Gut regeneration in holothurians: A snapshot of recent
developments. Biol Bull 221:93–109
Mashanov VS, Zueva OR, Heinzeller T, Aschauer B, Naumann WW, Grondona JM, Cifuentes M,
García-Arrarás JE (2009) The central nervous system of sea cucumbers (Echinodermata:
Holothuroidea) shows positive immunostaining for a mammalian glial secretion. Front Zool
6:11
Mashanov VS, Zueva OR, García-Arrarás JE (2010a) Organization of glial cells in the adult sea
cucumber central nervous system. Glia 58:1581–1593
Mashanov VS, Zueva OR, Rojas-Cartagena C, García-Arrarás JE (2010b) Visceral regeneration
in a sea cucumber involves extensive expression of survivin and mortalin homologs in the
mesothelium. BMC Dev Biol 10:117
McGehee MA (1992) Distribution and abundance of two species of Echinometra (Echinoidea) on
coral reefs near Puerto Rico. Carib J Sci 28:173–183
McWilliam PS, Sale PF, Anderson DT (1981) Seasonal changes in resident zooplankton sampled
by emergence traps in One Tree Lagoon, Great Barrier Reef. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 52:185–204
Méndez AT, Roig-López JL, Santiago P, Santiago C, García-Arrarás JE (2000) Identification of
Hox gene sequences in the sea cucumber Holothuria glaberrima Selenka (Holothuroidea:
Echinodermata). Mar Biotech 2:231–240
Miller BA, Emlet RB (1997) Influence of nearshore hydrodynamics on larval abundance and
settlement of sea urchins Strongylocentrotus franciscanus and S. purpuratus in the Oregon
upwelling zone. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 148:83–94
Miller MW, Kramer KL, Williams SM, Johnston L, Szmant AM (2009) Assessment of current
rates of Diadema antillarum larval settlement. Coral Reefs 28:511–515
Moore HB, Jutare T, Bauer JC, Jones JA (1963) The biology of Lytechinus variegates. Bull Mar
Sci Gulf Carib 13:23–53
14 Review of Echinoderm Research in Puerto Rico
467
playa Maní, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico. MSc Thesis, Univ Puerto Rico, Mayagüez
Griffin SP, García RP, Weil E (2003) Bioerosion in coral reef communities in southwest Puerto
Rico by the sea urchin Echinometra viridis. Mar Biol 143:79–84
Hendler G, Miller JE, Pawson DL, Kier PM (1995) Sea Stars, Sea Urchins, and Allies:
Echinoderms of Florida and the Caribbean. Smith Inst Press, Washington
Iliffe TM, Pearse JS (1982) Annual and lunar reproductive rhythms of the sea urchin Diadema
antillarum (Philippi) in Bermuda. Int J Invert Repro 5:139–148
Kenk R (1944) Distribution and movements of Mellita lata and Astropecten marginatus. Biol
Bull 83:177–187
Keough MJ, Downes BJ (1982) Settlement of marine invertebrates: the role of active larval
choices and early mortality. Oecol 54:348–352
Kingsford MJ, Leis J, Shanks A, Lindeman K, Morgan S, Pineda J (2002) Sensory environments,
larval abilities and local self-recruitment. Bull Mar Sci 70:309–340
Lessios HA, Robertson DR, Cubit JD (1984) Spread of Diadema mass mortality through the
Caribbean. Science 226:335–337
Lessios HA (1988) Population dynamics of Diadema antillarum (Echinodermata: Echinoidea)
following mass mortality in Panama. Mar Biol 99:515–526
Lessios HA (1995) Diadema antillarum 10 years after mass mortality: still rare, despite help from
a competitor. Proc R Soc Lond B 259:331–337
Levin L (2006) Recent progress in understanding larval dispersal: new directions and digression.
Integr Comp Biol 46:282–297
Levitan DR (1995) The ecology of fertilization in free-spawning invertebrates. In: McEdward L
(ed) Ecology of Marine Invertebrate Larvae. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 123–156
Lewis JB (1958) The biology of the tropical sea urchin Tripneustes ventricosus Leske in
Barbados, British West Indies. Can J Zool 36:607–621
Lugo MA (2004) Population status of the black sea urchin Diadema antillarum (Phillipi) in La
Parguera, Puerto Rico, 20 years after the mass mortality event. MSc Thesis, Univ Puerto Rico,
Mayagüez
Mashanov VS, García-Arrarás JE (2011) Gut regeneration in holothurians: A snapshot of recent
developments. Biol Bull 221:93–109
Mashanov VS, Zueva OR, Heinzeller T, Aschauer B, Naumann WW, Grondona JM, Cifuentes M,
García-Arrarás JE (2009) The central nervous system of sea cucumbers (Echinodermata:
Holothuroidea) shows positive immunostaining for a mammalian glial secretion. Front Zool
6:11
Mashanov VS, Zueva OR, García-Arrarás JE (2010a) Organization of glial cells in the adult sea
cucumber central nervous system. Glia 58:1581–1593
Mashanov VS, Zueva OR, Rojas-Cartagena C, García-Arrarás JE (2010b) Visceral regeneration
in a sea cucumber involves extensive expression of survivin and mortalin homologs in the
mesothelium. BMC Dev Biol 10:117
McGehee MA (1992) Distribution and abundance of two species of Echinometra (Echinoidea) on
coral reefs near Puerto Rico. Carib J Sci 28:173–183
McWilliam PS, Sale PF, Anderson DT (1981) Seasonal changes in resident zooplankton sampled
by emergence traps in One Tree Lagoon, Great Barrier Reef. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 52:185–204
Méndez AT, Roig-López JL, Santiago P, Santiago C, García-Arrarás JE (2000) Identification of
Hox gene sequences in the sea cucumber Holothuria glaberrima Selenka (Holothuroidea:
Echinodermata). Mar Biotech 2:231–240
Miller BA, Emlet RB (1997) Influence of nearshore hydrodynamics on larval abundance and
settlement of sea urchins Strongylocentrotus franciscanus and S. purpuratus in the Oregon
upwelling zone. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 148:83–94
Miller MW, Kramer KL, Williams SM, Johnston L, Szmant AM (2009) Assessment of current
rates of Diadema antillarum larval settlement. Coral Reefs 28:511–515
Moore HB, Jutare T, Bauer JC, Jones JA (1963) The biology of Lytechinus variegates. Bull Mar
Sci Gulf Carib 13:23–53
14 Review of Echinoderm Research in Puerto Rico
467