paleobiogeographical context. This would allow the ordination in time and space
of the ancestral forms with evolutionary continuity, as well as the origin, distribution and ecology of this fauna in the Caribbean Province.
Acknowledgments The collaboration of L. León is appreciated for critical reading of the section
on fisheries, as well as that S. Paul for providing bibliographic material. J. Reyes, N. Noriega and
Y. J. Díaz, collaborated in the present study during their doctoral studies. The Fundación para la
Investigación y Desarrollo de la Acuicultura del Estado Sucre (FIDAES) partially contributed in
the research described in the section on aquaculture. This is contribution N
o 18 of the Fundación
para la Investigación y Desarrollo de la Acuicultura del estado Sucre (FIDAES).
References
Abbott DP, Ogden JC, Abbott IA (1974) Studies on the activity pattern, behavior and food of the
echinoid Echinometra lucunter (L.) on beachrock and algal reefs at St. Croix, US Virgin Is.
West Indies Lab Spec Publ 4:1–11
Aguilera M, Azocar A, González E (2003) Biodiversidad en Venezuela, vol I and II. Fundación
Polar and Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología, Caracas
Aguilera O, Rodrigues de Aguilera D, Vega FJ, Sánchez-Villagra MR (2010) Mesozoic and
Cenozoic decapod crustaceans from Venezuela and related trace-fossil assemblages. In:
Sánchez-Villagra MR, Aguilera OA, Carlini AA (eds) Urumaco and Venezuelan palaeontology––The fossil record of the Northern neotropics. Indiana Univ Press, Bloomington,
Indiana, pp 103–128
Allen H (1971) Effects of petroleum fractions on the early development of a sea urchin. Mar Poll
Bull 2:138–140
Alverson DL, Freeberg MK, Murawski SA, Pope JG (1994) A global assessment of fisheries
bycatch and discards. FAO fisheries technical paper N° 339, Rome
Amaro M (2009) Echinodermata del golfo de Cariaco, Venezuela. Bol Inst Oceanogr Univ
Oriente 38:137–142
Anisgard HW (1954) An echinoid from the Eocene of western Venezuela. J Paleontol 28:830–835
Astudillo D, Rosas J, Velásquez A, Cabrera T, Maneiro C (2005) Crecimiento y supervivencia de
larvas de Echinometra lucunter (Echinoidea: Echinometridae) alimentadas con las microalgas
Chaetoceros gracilis e Isochrysis galbana. Rev Biol Trop 53(Suppl 3):337–344
Barrios J, Reyes J (2009) Hábitos alimenticios de Tripneustes ventricosus (Lamack 1816)
(Echinodermata, Echinoidea) en isla la Tortuga, Venezuela. Foro Iberoam Rec Mar Acuicult
II:583–589
Belmonte JL (1985) Contribución al estudio de los equinodermos (asteroideos, equinoideos y
ofiuroideos) de la plataforma Margarita - Coche - tierra firme. Estado Nueva Esparta, Isla de
Coche, Isla de Margarita, Islas de Venezuela, región Oriental. Associate degree Thesis,
Instituto Universitario de Tecnología del Mar, Punta de Piedras, Isla de Margarita
Bergman MJN, Hup M (1992) Direct effects of beam trawling on macrofauna in a sandy segment
in the southern north sea. ICES J Mar Sci 49:5–11
Bitter R (1984) Composición de la dieta de Astropecten marginatus (Echinodermata: Asteroidea).
Golfo Triste, región Centro-Occidental Bol Inst Oceanogr Univ Oriente 23:169–176
Bitter R, Penchaszadeh PE (1983) Ecología trófica de dos estrellas de mar del genero Astropecten
coexistentes en Golfo Triste, Venezuela. Stud Neotrop Fauna E 18:163–180
Bitter R, Molinet R, Penchaszadeh PE (1980) Interacción trófica entre dos estrellas de mar
(Astropecten riensis y Tethyaster vestitus) en Golfo Triste, Venezuela. Bol Inst Oceanogr Sao
Paulo 29:61–63
7 Echinoderms from Venezuela
267
of the ancestral forms with evolutionary continuity, as well as the origin, distribution and ecology of this fauna in the Caribbean Province.
Acknowledgments The collaboration of L. León is appreciated for critical reading of the section
on fisheries, as well as that S. Paul for providing bibliographic material. J. Reyes, N. Noriega and
Y. J. Díaz, collaborated in the present study during their doctoral studies. The Fundación para la
Investigación y Desarrollo de la Acuicultura del Estado Sucre (FIDAES) partially contributed in
the research described in the section on aquaculture. This is contribution N
o 18 of the Fundación
para la Investigación y Desarrollo de la Acuicultura del estado Sucre (FIDAES).
References
Abbott DP, Ogden JC, Abbott IA (1974) Studies on the activity pattern, behavior and food of the
echinoid Echinometra lucunter (L.) on beachrock and algal reefs at St. Croix, US Virgin Is.
West Indies Lab Spec Publ 4:1–11
Aguilera M, Azocar A, González E (2003) Biodiversidad en Venezuela, vol I and II. Fundación
Polar and Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología, Caracas
Aguilera O, Rodrigues de Aguilera D, Vega FJ, Sánchez-Villagra MR (2010) Mesozoic and
Cenozoic decapod crustaceans from Venezuela and related trace-fossil assemblages. In:
Sánchez-Villagra MR, Aguilera OA, Carlini AA (eds) Urumaco and Venezuelan palaeontology––The fossil record of the Northern neotropics. Indiana Univ Press, Bloomington,
Indiana, pp 103–128
Allen H (1971) Effects of petroleum fractions on the early development of a sea urchin. Mar Poll
Bull 2:138–140
Alverson DL, Freeberg MK, Murawski SA, Pope JG (1994) A global assessment of fisheries
bycatch and discards. FAO fisheries technical paper N° 339, Rome
Amaro M (2009) Echinodermata del golfo de Cariaco, Venezuela. Bol Inst Oceanogr Univ
Oriente 38:137–142
Anisgard HW (1954) An echinoid from the Eocene of western Venezuela. J Paleontol 28:830–835
Astudillo D, Rosas J, Velásquez A, Cabrera T, Maneiro C (2005) Crecimiento y supervivencia de
larvas de Echinometra lucunter (Echinoidea: Echinometridae) alimentadas con las microalgas
Chaetoceros gracilis e Isochrysis galbana. Rev Biol Trop 53(Suppl 3):337–344
Barrios J, Reyes J (2009) Hábitos alimenticios de Tripneustes ventricosus (Lamack 1816)
(Echinodermata, Echinoidea) en isla la Tortuga, Venezuela. Foro Iberoam Rec Mar Acuicult
II:583–589
Belmonte JL (1985) Contribución al estudio de los equinodermos (asteroideos, equinoideos y
ofiuroideos) de la plataforma Margarita - Coche - tierra firme. Estado Nueva Esparta, Isla de
Coche, Isla de Margarita, Islas de Venezuela, región Oriental. Associate degree Thesis,
Instituto Universitario de Tecnología del Mar, Punta de Piedras, Isla de Margarita
Bergman MJN, Hup M (1992) Direct effects of beam trawling on macrofauna in a sandy segment
in the southern north sea. ICES J Mar Sci 49:5–11
Bitter R (1984) Composición de la dieta de Astropecten marginatus (Echinodermata: Asteroidea).
Golfo Triste, región Centro-Occidental Bol Inst Oceanogr Univ Oriente 23:169–176
Bitter R, Penchaszadeh PE (1983) Ecología trófica de dos estrellas de mar del genero Astropecten
coexistentes en Golfo Triste, Venezuela. Stud Neotrop Fauna E 18:163–180
Bitter R, Molinet R, Penchaszadeh PE (1980) Interacción trófica entre dos estrellas de mar
(Astropecten riensis y Tethyaster vestitus) en Golfo Triste, Venezuela. Bol Inst Oceanogr Sao
Paulo 29:61–63
7 Echinoderms from Venezuela
267