Table of Contents
Chapte r 1 Introduction
1
1.1
About the Book
13
Chapter 2 Environmentally Driven Plasticity
15
2.1
The Physical Environment
15
2.1.1
Growing and Flowing. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.2
The Case Studies
30
2 .2.1
Case Studi es of Environmentally Driven Plast icity: Seaweeds . . 30
2.2.2 Morphological Plasticity in Sponges
34
2.2.3
Morphological Plast icity in Colonial Cnidarians
43
2.2.4
Biologically Inherent Regulation of Morphogenesis
. . . . . . . . . 56
Chapter 3 Measuring Growth and Form
67
).1
Metrics for Branching Networks
67
3.1.1
Branch Orde ring
68
3.1.2
Horton Statistics
69
3.1.3
Tokunaga Statistics .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
3.2
Morphological Analysis of a Branch ing Sponge
72
3.2.1
Image Processing .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
3.2.2
Horton Analysis
73
3.2.3
Fractal Analysis
75
3.3
Two-dimensional Morphological Analysis
of Ranges of Growth Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 75
3.).1 Sampling Growth Form s Along a Gradient
of Increasing Water Movement
77
3.3.2
Morphological Measurements in a Range of Growth Form s
78
3.3.3
A Comp arison of the Morphological Measurements
in a Range of Growth Forms of the Three Species
84
3.4
Three -Dimensional Morphological Analysis
of Growth Forms of Madracis Mirab ilis (Preliminary Results) .. 87