42 Large-Scale Cell Culture
399
to fluid shear stresses and possible collisions between the carrier beads.
However, the microcarriers have the advantage of enabling the preparation of a stirred suspension culture of anchorage-dependent cells.
Porous Carrier Method
Porous carriers are mostly made of inorganic materials, such as ceramic
and glass. The size of porous carriers is greater than 0.5 mm diameter.
Because these particles are heavy, they are used in fixed, packed-bed, or
fluidized-bed reactors. The primary advantages of porous carriers are
their high void volume and large surface area. The porous carriers can
be used for anchorage-dependent as well as anchorage-independent cells.
References
Ackermann, M., Hellenbroich, D.H.J., and Jager, v. (1994) Improvement of the performance of commercially available insect cell culture media for the baculovirus-directed production of recombinant proteins in bioreactors. Cytotechnology 14 (Suppl. 1),2-8.
Agathos, S.N., Jeong, Y.-H. and Venkat, K. (1989) Growth kinetics of free and immobilized insect cell
cultures. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 97, 372-398.
Bavarian, E, Fan, L.S. and Chalmers, J.J. (1991) Microscopic visualization of insect cell-bubble interactions. I. Rising bubbles, air-medium interface, and the foam layer. Biotechnol. Prog. 7,
140-150.
Bedard, c., Kamen, A., Tom, R. and Massie, B. (1994) Maximization of recombinant protein yield in
the insect celllbaculovirus system by one-time addition of nutrients to high-density batch
cultures. Cytotechnology 15, 129-138.
Chattopadhyaya, D., Rathman, J.E and Chalmers, J.J. (1995) The protective effects of specific medium additives with respect to bubble rupture. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 45, 473-480.
Hensler, w., Singh, V. and Agathos, S.N. (1994) Sf 9 insect cell growth and galactosidase production
in serum and serum-free media. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 745, 149-166.
Jager, v. (1996) Perfusion bioreactors for the production of recombinant proteins in insect cells.
Cytotechnology 20,191-198.
Jem, K.J., Gong, T., Mullen, J. and Georgis, R. (1997) Development of an industrial insect cell culture
process for large scale production of baculovirus biopesticides. In: Maramorosch, K. and
Mitsuhashi, J. (eds) Invertebrate Cell Culture, Novel Direction and Biotechnology Applications. Science Publishers, Enfield, pp 173-180.
Kamen, A.A., Tom, R.L., Caron, A.W., Chavarie, c., Massie, B. and Archambault, J. (1991) Culture of
insect cells in a helical ribbon impeller bioreactor. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 38,619-628.
King, G.A., Daugulis, A.J., Goosen, M.EA., Faulkner, P. and Bayly, D. (1989) Alginate concentration: a
key factor in growth of temperature-sensitive baculovirus-infected insect cells in
microcapsules. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 34, 1085-1091.
Koike, M. and Sato, K. (1988) Culture of insect cell lines originated from Mamestra brassicae with
autoclaved serum-free medium. In: Kuroda, Y. and Kurstak, E. and Maramorosch, K. (eds)
Invertebrate and Fish Tissue Culture. Japan Scientific Society, Tokyo, Springer, Berlin, pp 710.
K16ppinger, M., Fertig, G., Fraune, E. and Miltenburger, H.G,. (1990) Multistage production of
Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus in insect cell cultures. Cytotechnology 4,
271-278.
Kumar, A. and Shuler, M.L. (1995) Model of a split-flow airlift bioreactor for attachment-dependent, baculovirus-infected insect cells. Biotechnol. Prog. 11,412-419.
Nguyen, B., Jarnagin, K., Williams, S. Chan, H. and Barnett, J. (1993) Fed-batch culture of insect cells:
a method to increase the yield of recombinant human nerve growth factor (rhNGF) in the
baculovirus system. J. Biotechnol. 31, 205-217.
399
to fluid shear stresses and possible collisions between the carrier beads.
However, the microcarriers have the advantage of enabling the preparation of a stirred suspension culture of anchorage-dependent cells.
Porous Carrier Method
Porous carriers are mostly made of inorganic materials, such as ceramic
and glass. The size of porous carriers is greater than 0.5 mm diameter.
Because these particles are heavy, they are used in fixed, packed-bed, or
fluidized-bed reactors. The primary advantages of porous carriers are
their high void volume and large surface area. The porous carriers can
be used for anchorage-dependent as well as anchorage-independent cells.
References
Ackermann, M., Hellenbroich, D.H.J., and Jager, v. (1994) Improvement of the performance of commercially available insect cell culture media for the baculovirus-directed production of recombinant proteins in bioreactors. Cytotechnology 14 (Suppl. 1),2-8.
Agathos, S.N., Jeong, Y.-H. and Venkat, K. (1989) Growth kinetics of free and immobilized insect cell
cultures. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 97, 372-398.
Bavarian, E, Fan, L.S. and Chalmers, J.J. (1991) Microscopic visualization of insect cell-bubble interactions. I. Rising bubbles, air-medium interface, and the foam layer. Biotechnol. Prog. 7,
140-150.
Bedard, c., Kamen, A., Tom, R. and Massie, B. (1994) Maximization of recombinant protein yield in
the insect celllbaculovirus system by one-time addition of nutrients to high-density batch
cultures. Cytotechnology 15, 129-138.
Chattopadhyaya, D., Rathman, J.E and Chalmers, J.J. (1995) The protective effects of specific medium additives with respect to bubble rupture. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 45, 473-480.
Hensler, w., Singh, V. and Agathos, S.N. (1994) Sf 9 insect cell growth and galactosidase production
in serum and serum-free media. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 745, 149-166.
Jager, v. (1996) Perfusion bioreactors for the production of recombinant proteins in insect cells.
Cytotechnology 20,191-198.
Jem, K.J., Gong, T., Mullen, J. and Georgis, R. (1997) Development of an industrial insect cell culture
process for large scale production of baculovirus biopesticides. In: Maramorosch, K. and
Mitsuhashi, J. (eds) Invertebrate Cell Culture, Novel Direction and Biotechnology Applications. Science Publishers, Enfield, pp 173-180.
Kamen, A.A., Tom, R.L., Caron, A.W., Chavarie, c., Massie, B. and Archambault, J. (1991) Culture of
insect cells in a helical ribbon impeller bioreactor. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 38,619-628.
King, G.A., Daugulis, A.J., Goosen, M.EA., Faulkner, P. and Bayly, D. (1989) Alginate concentration: a
key factor in growth of temperature-sensitive baculovirus-infected insect cells in
microcapsules. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 34, 1085-1091.
Koike, M. and Sato, K. (1988) Culture of insect cell lines originated from Mamestra brassicae with
autoclaved serum-free medium. In: Kuroda, Y. and Kurstak, E. and Maramorosch, K. (eds)
Invertebrate and Fish Tissue Culture. Japan Scientific Society, Tokyo, Springer, Berlin, pp 710.
K16ppinger, M., Fertig, G., Fraune, E. and Miltenburger, H.G,. (1990) Multistage production of
Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus in insect cell cultures. Cytotechnology 4,
271-278.
Kumar, A. and Shuler, M.L. (1995) Model of a split-flow airlift bioreactor for attachment-dependent, baculovirus-infected insect cells. Biotechnol. Prog. 11,412-419.
Nguyen, B., Jarnagin, K., Williams, S. Chan, H. and Barnett, J. (1993) Fed-batch culture of insect cells:
a method to increase the yield of recombinant human nerve growth factor (rhNGF) in the
baculovirus system. J. Biotechnol. 31, 205-217.