323
Appendix II: Materials and Methods
Altogether, 258 species belonging to 148 genera and 66 cheilostome families have been studied. There were among them
35 fossil species belonging to 10 genera from fi ve of the
most ancient families. Thus, the collections included representatives of all but one (Inovicellina) of the known suborders of Cheilostomata, that is, Scrupariina, Malacostegina
and Flustrina (“grades” Acanthostega, Hippothoomorpha,
Umbonulomorpha, Lepraliomorpha). The type species of 65
genera were studied. The new suborders Tendrina,
Thalamoporellina and Belluloporina, four new superfamilies, Tendroidea, Thalamoporelloidea, Monoporelloidea and
Belluloporoidea,
and
the
corresponding
family
Belluloporidae are established herein (see diagnoses at the
end of the species list).
Living cheilostomes were sampled in the White, Barents,
Baltic, Greenland, Mediterranean and Caribbean Seas as
well as in the Pacifi c Ocean (Alaska, Japan, New Zealand),
the Indian Ocean (Australia) and the Atlantic Ocean (Saint
Helena, Canary Islands) and in the coastal waters of the
Antarctic. Fossil material was collected in Australia, New
Zealand, the USA and England. Sampling methods included
trawling and dredging, manual collection in the intertidal
zone, collection with the help of SCUBA and selection of
fossils from sedimentary rocks. Some specimens were
obtained from the Zoological Museum of Copenhagen, the
Natural History Museum, London and Museum Victoria,
Melbourne. The list of sampling sites with their detailed
descriptions is available from the author on request.
Bryozoans were studied by light and scanning electron
microscopy. To make histological sections, the collected
specimens were fi xed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde solution in
0.1 M sodium cacodylate buffer (pH 7.3), in Bouin’s fl uid
(sometimes prepared without acetic acid or with chalkneutralized formalin) or in 70% ethanol. Most of the specimens fi xed in Bouin’s fl uid were additionally decalcifi ed by
adding a few drops of 2-normal hydrochloric acid to 70%
ethanol during dehydration or 10% EDTA water solution for
6–24 h. Specimens fi xed in glutaraldehyde were washed in a
buffer with EDTA.
After removal of calcium carbonate and dehydration in an
ascending alcohol series (40–50–60–70–80–90–96–100%),
the specimens were embedded in resin (epoxy resin type
TAAB 812) with the use of polypropylene according to the
standard procedure. Semithin sections (1.0–3.0 μm) were
made by ultramicrotomy and stained with toluidine blue or
Richardson’s stain (Richardson et al. 1960 ).
For studying oogenesis and brooding, the length and
width (the longest and shortest diameters) of the oocytes,
nurse cells and embryos were measured using the microscope eye-piece. Their average diameter and volume were
then calculated to determine and compare their enlargement
during the consecutive stages of oogenesis and incubation.
For scanning electron microscopy, specimens were
cleaned in 7.5% sodium hypochlorite solution. Non-cleaned
specimens were air- or critical-point-dried. Specimens were
coated with gold or palladium and studied with the use of
the following microscopes: Philips 003 M (Institute of
Geology, Copenhagen), Jeol JSM-840 (Zoological Museum,
University of Copenhagen), Jeol JSM-6400 (Geozentrum,
University of Vienna), CAMSCAN-Serie-2-CS-44 (Institute
for Earth Sciences, University of Kiel). Fossil specimens
were examined without sputter-coating by environmental
SEM (ISI ABT-55) (The Natural History Museum, London).
List of Taxa Studied
Phylum Bryozoa Ehrenberg, 1831
Class Gymnolaemata Allman, 1856
Order Cheilostomata Busk, 1852
Suborder Scrupariina Silén, 1941
Superfamily Scruparioidea Gray, 1848
Family Scrupariidae Busk, 1852
Scruparia Oken, 1815
Scruparia ambigua (d’Orbigny, 1841)
Suborder Malacostegina Levinsen, 1902
Superfamily Membraniporoidea Busk, 1852
Family Electridae d’Orbigny, 1851
Electra Lamouroux, 1816
Electra pilosa (Linnaeus, 1767 ) – type sp.
Suborder Tendrina subord. nov.
Superfamily Tendroidea Vigneaux, 1949
Family Tendridae Vigneaux, 1949
Tendra Nordmann, 1839
Tendra zostericola Nordmann, 1839 – type sp.
Heteroecium Hincks, 1892
Heteroecium amplectens (Hincks, 1881)
– type sp.
Suborder Thalamoporellina subord. nov.
Superfamily Thalamoporelloidea Levinsen, 1902
Family Thalamoporellidae Levinsen, 1902
Thalamoporella Hincks, 1887
Thalamoporella sp.
Family Steginoporellidae Hincks, 1884
Steginoporella Smitt, 1873
Steginoporella cf. magnilabris (Busk, 1854) –
type sp.
Steginoporella perplexa Livingstone, 1929
Suborder Belluloporina subord. nov.
Superfamily Belluloporoidea suprafam. nov.
Family Belluloporidae fam. nov.
Bellulopora Lagaaij, 1963
Bellulopora bellula (Osburn, 1950 ) – type sp.
Appendices
Appendix II: Materials and Methods
Altogether, 258 species belonging to 148 genera and 66 cheilostome families have been studied. There were among them
35 fossil species belonging to 10 genera from fi ve of the
most ancient families. Thus, the collections included representatives of all but one (Inovicellina) of the known suborders of Cheilostomata, that is, Scrupariina, Malacostegina
and Flustrina (“grades” Acanthostega, Hippothoomorpha,
Umbonulomorpha, Lepraliomorpha). The type species of 65
genera were studied. The new suborders Tendrina,
Thalamoporellina and Belluloporina, four new superfamilies, Tendroidea, Thalamoporelloidea, Monoporelloidea and
Belluloporoidea,
and
the
corresponding
family
Belluloporidae are established herein (see diagnoses at the
end of the species list).
Living cheilostomes were sampled in the White, Barents,
Baltic, Greenland, Mediterranean and Caribbean Seas as
well as in the Pacifi c Ocean (Alaska, Japan, New Zealand),
the Indian Ocean (Australia) and the Atlantic Ocean (Saint
Helena, Canary Islands) and in the coastal waters of the
Antarctic. Fossil material was collected in Australia, New
Zealand, the USA and England. Sampling methods included
trawling and dredging, manual collection in the intertidal
zone, collection with the help of SCUBA and selection of
fossils from sedimentary rocks. Some specimens were
obtained from the Zoological Museum of Copenhagen, the
Natural History Museum, London and Museum Victoria,
Melbourne. The list of sampling sites with their detailed
descriptions is available from the author on request.
Bryozoans were studied by light and scanning electron
microscopy. To make histological sections, the collected
specimens were fi xed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde solution in
0.1 M sodium cacodylate buffer (pH 7.3), in Bouin’s fl uid
(sometimes prepared without acetic acid or with chalkneutralized formalin) or in 70% ethanol. Most of the specimens fi xed in Bouin’s fl uid were additionally decalcifi ed by
adding a few drops of 2-normal hydrochloric acid to 70%
ethanol during dehydration or 10% EDTA water solution for
6–24 h. Specimens fi xed in glutaraldehyde were washed in a
buffer with EDTA.
After removal of calcium carbonate and dehydration in an
ascending alcohol series (40–50–60–70–80–90–96–100%),
the specimens were embedded in resin (epoxy resin type
TAAB 812) with the use of polypropylene according to the
standard procedure. Semithin sections (1.0–3.0 μm) were
made by ultramicrotomy and stained with toluidine blue or
Richardson’s stain (Richardson et al. 1960 ).
For studying oogenesis and brooding, the length and
width (the longest and shortest diameters) of the oocytes,
nurse cells and embryos were measured using the microscope eye-piece. Their average diameter and volume were
then calculated to determine and compare their enlargement
during the consecutive stages of oogenesis and incubation.
For scanning electron microscopy, specimens were
cleaned in 7.5% sodium hypochlorite solution. Non-cleaned
specimens were air- or critical-point-dried. Specimens were
coated with gold or palladium and studied with the use of
the following microscopes: Philips 003 M (Institute of
Geology, Copenhagen), Jeol JSM-840 (Zoological Museum,
University of Copenhagen), Jeol JSM-6400 (Geozentrum,
University of Vienna), CAMSCAN-Serie-2-CS-44 (Institute
for Earth Sciences, University of Kiel). Fossil specimens
were examined without sputter-coating by environmental
SEM (ISI ABT-55) (The Natural History Museum, London).
List of Taxa Studied
Phylum Bryozoa Ehrenberg, 1831
Class Gymnolaemata Allman, 1856
Order Cheilostomata Busk, 1852
Suborder Scrupariina Silén, 1941
Superfamily Scruparioidea Gray, 1848
Family Scrupariidae Busk, 1852
Scruparia Oken, 1815
Scruparia ambigua (d’Orbigny, 1841)
Suborder Malacostegina Levinsen, 1902
Superfamily Membraniporoidea Busk, 1852
Family Electridae d’Orbigny, 1851
Electra Lamouroux, 1816
Electra pilosa (Linnaeus, 1767 ) – type sp.
Suborder Tendrina subord. nov.
Superfamily Tendroidea Vigneaux, 1949
Family Tendridae Vigneaux, 1949
Tendra Nordmann, 1839
Tendra zostericola Nordmann, 1839 – type sp.
Heteroecium Hincks, 1892
Heteroecium amplectens (Hincks, 1881)
– type sp.
Suborder Thalamoporellina subord. nov.
Superfamily Thalamoporelloidea Levinsen, 1902
Family Thalamoporellidae Levinsen, 1902
Thalamoporella Hincks, 1887
Thalamoporella sp.
Family Steginoporellidae Hincks, 1884
Steginoporella Smitt, 1873
Steginoporella cf. magnilabris (Busk, 1854) –
type sp.
Steginoporella perplexa Livingstone, 1929
Suborder Belluloporina subord. nov.
Superfamily Belluloporoidea suprafam. nov.
Family Belluloporidae fam. nov.
Bellulopora Lagaaij, 1963
Bellulopora bellula (Osburn, 1950 ) – type sp.
Appendices