Contents
Chapter 1
Osmotic Problems of Vertebrates
General Introduction
1. Geographical and Ecological Distribution
of the Vertebrates
1
2. Osmotic anatomy of the Vertebrates
3
3. Osmotic Exchanges with the Environment
7
a) Physico-chemical Gradients with the Environment
b) Size and Surface Area
c) Nature of the Integument
d) Metabolism and Oxygen Consumption
c) Feeding
4. Forces Affecting Exchanges of Water and Solutes
8
a) Diffusion
b) Osmosis
c) Evaporation
d) Facilitated Diffusion
e) Active Transport
5. Biological Structures Participating in Fluid Exchange
15
a) Cell Membranes
b) Capillaries
c) Skin
d) Water Loss from the Tetrapod Respiratory Tract
e) Gills
f) Gut
g) Urinary Bladder
h) ' Salt ' Glands
i) Kidney
oc) Functions
fJ) Structure
y) Physiology
b) Regulation of Kidney Function
6. Nitrogen Metabolism and Excretion
34
7. Osmoregulation and the Origin of Vertebrates
35
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