662
Index
macroalgal beds, 490
seagrasses, 490
anthropogenic influence, 469
below-ground refuges, 480
bottom-up control, 486
C/N ratios, 469
cascading effects of predators, 489
cellulose digestion, 469
community composition, 465
compensation, 483
compensation for losses, 480
consumption of leaves, 479
control, 487
control role of mesograzers
facilation of seagrass dominance over epiphytes, 483
controls of grazer biomass, 486
controls of seagrass biomass, 486
critical 3 way interaction, 483
digestive adaptations, 469
direct, 468
direct impacts, 478
dynamic responses, 480
effect on food webs
nutrient overloading, 492
evolutionary perspective, 466
exclusive experiments, 483
explanation for apparent low levels, 469
follow, 483
food, 483
future research, 490
geographic variability, 480
green turtles
cultivation of nitrogen content, 482
growth patterns, 465
herbivores, 464
historical Patterns, 486
historical role, 465
impacts, 481
importance of sea urchin and fish grazing, 479
indirect effects, 482
influence of crustaceans & gastropods, 483
influence of overfishing, 469
influence on ecosystem processes, 466
low nutritional value, 469
materials fluxes, 465
mesocosm vs field studies, 490
mesograzers, 486
control of populations, 488
epiphyte cropping, 485
predator limitation, 486
regulation, 491
two opposing effects, 485
methodological flaws, 486
models, 488
modern communities, 467
morphological adaptations, 469
nitrogen availability, 469
nutritional discrimination, 481
nutritional value, 469
overharvesting impacts, 491
population dynamics, 465
predation control
keystone species, 488
predators, 489
decapod crustaceans, 489
juvenile blue crabs, 489
invertebrates preference for epiphytes and detritus, 483
pathway, 468
pressure, 463
vertebrates in seagrass beds, 467
grazing
preferential feeding of high N food, 482
recovery from, 480
regulation, 487
regulation of mesograzers, 491
mesograzers, 491
resource ceiling, 488
resource ceiling hypothesis, 487
roles of grazers, 468
seagrass food web, 467
seagrass morphologies, 465
short-term experiments, 478
strategies, 469
summary, 492
Summary of studies, 470
temperate systems, 468
temporal variability, 480
top-down control, 486
Trophic cascades, 488
trophic link
lack of dependence on energy or material flows,
468
tropic cascade, 464
tropic shifts, 464
tropical systems, 468
underestimates, 480
underestimates of losses, 480
urchin consumption
mass-balance estimates, 482
Grazing and Predation, 454
Great Barrier Reef, (GBR), 597, 614
inter-reef habitats, 616
seagrasses and algae, 616
pesticides, 616
Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, 614, 616
Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, 614
Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area, 615
great depths, 83
green turtles, 469, 482
growth, 503, 507, 545, 630
Growth of clams, 512
growth of macrofaunal species, 540
growth patterns, 465, 466
adaptive benefits, 466
growth rates, 451, 507
guerrilla strategy, 273
Gulf of Aqaba, 180
Gulf of Bengal, 14
Gulf of California, 285
Gulf of Mexico, 9, 429, 521
Gulf of Thailand, 14
Gynoecium, 3, 10, 11
Index
macroalgal beds, 490
seagrasses, 490
anthropogenic influence, 469
below-ground refuges, 480
bottom-up control, 486
C/N ratios, 469
cascading effects of predators, 489
cellulose digestion, 469
community composition, 465
compensation, 483
compensation for losses, 480
consumption of leaves, 479
control, 487
control role of mesograzers
facilation of seagrass dominance over epiphytes, 483
controls of grazer biomass, 486
controls of seagrass biomass, 486
critical 3 way interaction, 483
digestive adaptations, 469
direct, 468
direct impacts, 478
dynamic responses, 480
effect on food webs
nutrient overloading, 492
evolutionary perspective, 466
exclusive experiments, 483
explanation for apparent low levels, 469
follow, 483
food, 483
future research, 490
geographic variability, 480
green turtles
cultivation of nitrogen content, 482
growth patterns, 465
herbivores, 464
historical Patterns, 486
historical role, 465
impacts, 481
importance of sea urchin and fish grazing, 479
indirect effects, 482
influence of crustaceans & gastropods, 483
influence of overfishing, 469
influence on ecosystem processes, 466
low nutritional value, 469
materials fluxes, 465
mesocosm vs field studies, 490
mesograzers, 486
control of populations, 488
epiphyte cropping, 485
predator limitation, 486
regulation, 491
two opposing effects, 485
methodological flaws, 486
models, 488
modern communities, 467
morphological adaptations, 469
nitrogen availability, 469
nutritional discrimination, 481
nutritional value, 469
overharvesting impacts, 491
population dynamics, 465
predation control
keystone species, 488
predators, 489
decapod crustaceans, 489
juvenile blue crabs, 489
invertebrates preference for epiphytes and detritus, 483
pathway, 468
pressure, 463
vertebrates in seagrass beds, 467
grazing
preferential feeding of high N food, 482
recovery from, 480
regulation, 487
regulation of mesograzers, 491
mesograzers, 491
resource ceiling, 488
resource ceiling hypothesis, 487
roles of grazers, 468
seagrass food web, 467
seagrass morphologies, 465
short-term experiments, 478
strategies, 469
summary, 492
Summary of studies, 470
temperate systems, 468
temporal variability, 480
top-down control, 486
Trophic cascades, 488
trophic link
lack of dependence on energy or material flows,
468
tropic cascade, 464
tropic shifts, 464
tropical systems, 468
underestimates, 480
underestimates of losses, 480
urchin consumption
mass-balance estimates, 482
Grazing and Predation, 454
Great Barrier Reef, (GBR), 597, 614
inter-reef habitats, 616
seagrasses and algae, 616
pesticides, 616
Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, 614, 616
Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, 614
Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area, 615
great depths, 83
green turtles, 469, 482
growth, 503, 507, 545, 630
Growth of clams, 512
growth of macrofaunal species, 540
growth patterns, 465, 466
adaptive benefits, 466
growth rates, 451, 507
guerrilla strategy, 273
Gulf of Aqaba, 180
Gulf of Bengal, 14
Gulf of California, 285
Gulf of Mexico, 9, 429, 521
Gulf of Thailand, 14
Gynoecium, 3, 10, 11