530
Bronwyn M. Gillanders
and whether there are differences in food resources,
growth, and mortality of organisms between natural
and restored seagrass. Such studies would ideally
require experimental designs that include multiple
restored and control areas. Further studies on evaluating restoration efforts in terms of the organisms
present would then help determine whether it is reasonable to remove seagrass beds for development
and replant in other areas.
Acknowledgments
I thank Bob Orth, Greg Jenkins, and four anonymous reviewers for providing helpful comments on
the manuscript and Jeffrey Hughes for providing the
raw data for Fig. 6. BMG was supported by an ARC
QEII fellowship.
References
Acosta CA and Butler MJ (1997) Role of mangrove habitat as a
nursery for juvenile spiny lobster, Panulirus argus, in Belize.
Mar Freshwater Res 48: 721–727
Anderson EE (1989) Economic benefits of habitat restoration:
Seagrass and the Virginia hard-shell blue crab fishery. N Am
J Fisheries Manag 9: 140–149
Arrivillaga A and Baltz DM (1999) Comparison of fishes
and macroinvertebrates on seagrass and bare-sand sites on
Guatemala’s Atlantic coast. Bull Mar Sci 65: 301–319
Beck MW, Heck KL, Able KW, Childers DL, Eggleston DB,
Gillanders BM, Halpern B, Hays CG, Hoshino K, Minello
TJ, Orth RJ, Sheridan PF and Weinstein MP (2001) The
identification, conservation, and management of estuarine
and marine nurseries for fish and invertebrates. Bioscience
51: 633–641
Bell JD and Pollard DA (1989) Ecology of fish assemblages
and fisheries associated with seagrasses. In: Larkum AWD,
McComb AJ and Shepherd SA (eds) Biology of Seagrasses: A
Treatise on the Biology of Seagrasses with Special Reference
to the Australasian Region, pp 565–609. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Bell JD and Westoby M (1986a) Abundance of macrofauna in
dense seagrass is due to habitat preference, not predation.
Oecologia 68: 205–209
Bell JD and Westoby M (1986b) Importance of local changes in
leaf height and density to fish and decapods associated with
seagrasses. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 104: 249–274
Bell JD and Westoby M (1986c) Variation in seagrass height and
density over a wide spatial scale: Effects on common fish and
decapods. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 104: 275–295
Bell JD, Steffe AS and Westoby M (1985) Artificial seagrass:
How useful is it for field experiments on fish and macroinvertebrates. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 90: 171–177
Bell JD, Steffe AS and Westoby M (1988) Location of seagrass
beds in estuaries: Effects on associated fish and decapods. J
Exp Mar Biol Ecol 122: 127–146
Bell JD, Westoby M and Steffe AS (1987) Fish larvae settling in
seagrass: Do they discriminate between beds of different leaf
density? J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 111: 133–144
Bell JD and Worthington DG (1993) Links between estuaries and
coastal rocky reefs in the lives of fishes from south-eastern
Australia. In: Battershill CB, Schiel DR, Jones GP, Cresse RG
and MacDiarmid AB (eds) Second International Temperate
Reef Symposium, pp 85–91. Auckland, New Zealand. NIWA
Marine, Wellington
Bell SS and Hicks GRF (1991) Marine landscapes and faunal
recruitment: A field test with seagrasses and copepods. Mar
Ecol Prog Ser 73: 61–68
Bell SS, Brooks RA, Robbins BD, Fonseca MS and Hall MO
(2001) Faunal response to fragmentation in seagrass habitats: Implications for seagrass conservation. Biol Conserv 100:
115–123
Bell SS, Hall MO, Soffian S and Madley K (2002) Assessing
the impact of boat propeller scars on fish and shrimp utilizing
seagrass beds. Ecol Appl 12: 206–217
Bender DJ, Contreras TA and Fahrig L (1998) Habitat loss and
population decline: A meta-analysis of the patch size effect.
Ecology 79: 517–533
Beukers JS, Jones GP and Buckley RM (1995) Use of implant
microtags for studies on populations of small reef fish. Mar
Ecol Prog Ser 125: 61–66
Blaber SJM, Cyrus DP, Albaret JJ, Ching CV, Day JW, Elliott
M, Fonseca MS, Hoss DE, Orensanz J, Potter IC and Silvert
W (2000) Effects of fishing on the structure and functioning
of estuarine and nearshore ecosystems. ICES J Mar Sci 57:
590–602
Bologna PAX and Heck KL (1999) Differential predation and
growth rates of bay scallops within a seagrass habitat. J Exp
Mar Biol Ecol 239: 299–314
Bologna PAX and Heck KL (2000) Impacts of seagrass habitat architecture on bivalve settlement. Estuaries 23: 449–
457
Brewer DT, Blaber SJM, Salini JP and Farmer MJ (1995) Feeding
ecology of predatory fishes from Groote Eylandt in the Gulf
of Carpentaria, Australia, with special reference to predation
on penaeid prawns. Est Coast Shelf Sci 40: 577–600
Brown-Peterson NJ, Peterson MS, Rydene DA and Eames RW
(1993) Fish assemblages in natural versus well-established recolonized seagrass meadows. Estuaries 16: 177–189
Butler A and Jernakoff P (1999) Seagrass in Australia. Strategic
review and development of an R&D plan. CSIRO Publishing,
Collingwood
Cambridge ML and McComb AJ (1984) The loss of seagrass
in Cockburn Sound, Western Australia. I. The time course
and magnitude of seagrass decline in relation to industrial
development. Aquat Bot 20: 229–243
Campana SE (1999) Chemistry and composition of fish otoliths:
Pathways, mechanisms and applications. Mar Ecol Prog Ser
188: 263–297
Cancemi G, De Falco G and Pergent G (2003) Effects of organic matter input from a fish farming facility on a Posidonia
oceanica meadow. Est Coast Shelf Sci 56: 961–968
Connolly R, Jenkins G and Loneragan N (1999) Seagrass dynamics and fisheries sustainability. In: Butler A and Jernakoff
P (eds) Seagrass in Australia. Strategic Review and Development of an R&D Plan, pp 25–64. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood
Bronwyn M. Gillanders
and whether there are differences in food resources,
growth, and mortality of organisms between natural
and restored seagrass. Such studies would ideally
require experimental designs that include multiple
restored and control areas. Further studies on evaluating restoration efforts in terms of the organisms
present would then help determine whether it is reasonable to remove seagrass beds for development
and replant in other areas.
Acknowledgments
I thank Bob Orth, Greg Jenkins, and four anonymous reviewers for providing helpful comments on
the manuscript and Jeffrey Hughes for providing the
raw data for Fig. 6. BMG was supported by an ARC
QEII fellowship.
References
Acosta CA and Butler MJ (1997) Role of mangrove habitat as a
nursery for juvenile spiny lobster, Panulirus argus, in Belize.
Mar Freshwater Res 48: 721–727
Anderson EE (1989) Economic benefits of habitat restoration:
Seagrass and the Virginia hard-shell blue crab fishery. N Am
J Fisheries Manag 9: 140–149
Arrivillaga A and Baltz DM (1999) Comparison of fishes
and macroinvertebrates on seagrass and bare-sand sites on
Guatemala’s Atlantic coast. Bull Mar Sci 65: 301–319
Beck MW, Heck KL, Able KW, Childers DL, Eggleston DB,
Gillanders BM, Halpern B, Hays CG, Hoshino K, Minello
TJ, Orth RJ, Sheridan PF and Weinstein MP (2001) The
identification, conservation, and management of estuarine
and marine nurseries for fish and invertebrates. Bioscience
51: 633–641
Bell JD and Pollard DA (1989) Ecology of fish assemblages
and fisheries associated with seagrasses. In: Larkum AWD,
McComb AJ and Shepherd SA (eds) Biology of Seagrasses: A
Treatise on the Biology of Seagrasses with Special Reference
to the Australasian Region, pp 565–609. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Bell JD and Westoby M (1986a) Abundance of macrofauna in
dense seagrass is due to habitat preference, not predation.
Oecologia 68: 205–209
Bell JD and Westoby M (1986b) Importance of local changes in
leaf height and density to fish and decapods associated with
seagrasses. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 104: 249–274
Bell JD and Westoby M (1986c) Variation in seagrass height and
density over a wide spatial scale: Effects on common fish and
decapods. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 104: 275–295
Bell JD, Steffe AS and Westoby M (1985) Artificial seagrass:
How useful is it for field experiments on fish and macroinvertebrates. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 90: 171–177
Bell JD, Steffe AS and Westoby M (1988) Location of seagrass
beds in estuaries: Effects on associated fish and decapods. J
Exp Mar Biol Ecol 122: 127–146
Bell JD, Westoby M and Steffe AS (1987) Fish larvae settling in
seagrass: Do they discriminate between beds of different leaf
density? J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 111: 133–144
Bell JD and Worthington DG (1993) Links between estuaries and
coastal rocky reefs in the lives of fishes from south-eastern
Australia. In: Battershill CB, Schiel DR, Jones GP, Cresse RG
and MacDiarmid AB (eds) Second International Temperate
Reef Symposium, pp 85–91. Auckland, New Zealand. NIWA
Marine, Wellington
Bell SS and Hicks GRF (1991) Marine landscapes and faunal
recruitment: A field test with seagrasses and copepods. Mar
Ecol Prog Ser 73: 61–68
Bell SS, Brooks RA, Robbins BD, Fonseca MS and Hall MO
(2001) Faunal response to fragmentation in seagrass habitats: Implications for seagrass conservation. Biol Conserv 100:
115–123
Bell SS, Hall MO, Soffian S and Madley K (2002) Assessing
the impact of boat propeller scars on fish and shrimp utilizing
seagrass beds. Ecol Appl 12: 206–217
Bender DJ, Contreras TA and Fahrig L (1998) Habitat loss and
population decline: A meta-analysis of the patch size effect.
Ecology 79: 517–533
Beukers JS, Jones GP and Buckley RM (1995) Use of implant
microtags for studies on populations of small reef fish. Mar
Ecol Prog Ser 125: 61–66
Blaber SJM, Cyrus DP, Albaret JJ, Ching CV, Day JW, Elliott
M, Fonseca MS, Hoss DE, Orensanz J, Potter IC and Silvert
W (2000) Effects of fishing on the structure and functioning
of estuarine and nearshore ecosystems. ICES J Mar Sci 57:
590–602
Bologna PAX and Heck KL (1999) Differential predation and
growth rates of bay scallops within a seagrass habitat. J Exp
Mar Biol Ecol 239: 299–314
Bologna PAX and Heck KL (2000) Impacts of seagrass habitat architecture on bivalve settlement. Estuaries 23: 449–
457
Brewer DT, Blaber SJM, Salini JP and Farmer MJ (1995) Feeding
ecology of predatory fishes from Groote Eylandt in the Gulf
of Carpentaria, Australia, with special reference to predation
on penaeid prawns. Est Coast Shelf Sci 40: 577–600
Brown-Peterson NJ, Peterson MS, Rydene DA and Eames RW
(1993) Fish assemblages in natural versus well-established recolonized seagrass meadows. Estuaries 16: 177–189
Butler A and Jernakoff P (1999) Seagrass in Australia. Strategic
review and development of an R&D plan. CSIRO Publishing,
Collingwood
Cambridge ML and McComb AJ (1984) The loss of seagrass
in Cockburn Sound, Western Australia. I. The time course
and magnitude of seagrass decline in relation to industrial
development. Aquat Bot 20: 229–243
Campana SE (1999) Chemistry and composition of fish otoliths:
Pathways, mechanisms and applications. Mar Ecol Prog Ser
188: 263–297
Cancemi G, De Falco G and Pergent G (2003) Effects of organic matter input from a fish farming facility on a Posidonia
oceanica meadow. Est Coast Shelf Sci 56: 961–968
Connolly R, Jenkins G and Loneragan N (1999) Seagrass dynamics and fisheries sustainability. In: Butler A and Jernakoff
P (eds) Seagrass in Australia. Strategic Review and Development of an R&D Plan, pp 25–64. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood