342
A. W. D. Larkum, E. A. Drew, and P. J. Ralph
renewed investigation, as do the processes of sugar
metabolism and export from the leaves. Finally the
area of secondary metabolites and the role of such
products as myo-inositols is an intriguing one, which
has received almost no research over the last decade.
Acknowledgements
We should like to thank our many coworkers and
collaborators for help in the past and critical discussions. In particular we want to thank Dr U. Schreiber
and R. Gademann for help with the development of
PAM fluorometers, which have been so helpful in
these photosynthetic studies.
References
Abal EG, Loneragan N, Bowen P, Perry C, Udy J, Dennison
WC (1994) Physiological responses of the seagrass Zostera
capricorni Aschers. to light intensity. J Exp Mar Biol & Ecol
178:113–129
Abel KM, and Drew EA (1989) Carbon metabolism. p 760–796.
In: AWD Larkum, AJ McComb and SA Shepherd (Eds.) Biology of Seagrasses: A treatise on the biology of seagrasses with
special reference to the Australasian region. Elsevier Publ. Co.,
Amsterdam
Alcoverro T, Manzanera M and Romero J (1998) Seasonal
and age-dependent variability of Posidonia oceanica (L.)
Delile photosynthetic parameters. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 230:
1–13
Alcoverro T, Zimmerman RC, Kohrs DG and Alberte RS (1999)
Resource allocation and sucrose mobilisation in light-limited
eelgrass Zostera marina. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 187:121–131
Alcoverro T, Manzanera M, and Romero J (2001) Annual
metabolic carbon balance of the seagrass Posidonia oceanica: the importance of carbohydrate reserves. Mar Ecol Prog
Ser 211:105–116
Andersson B and Aro EM (2001) Photodamage and D1 protein
turnover in photosystem II. p. 377–393. In EM Aro, and B
Andersson (eds.), Regulation of Photosynthesis, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht
Andrews TJ and Abel KM (1979) Photosynthetic carbon
metabolism in seagrasses:
14 C labelling evidence for the C 3
pathway. Plant Physiol 63:650–656
Attaway DH, Parker PL and Mears JA (1970) Normal alkanes of
five coastal spermatophytes. Publ Inst Mar Sci, Texas 15:13–9
Augier H (1982) A comparison of the C, H, N, protein and amino
acid composition of Posidonia australis Hook f. with that
of Posidonia oceanica (L) Delile and several other marine
phanerogams. Aquat Bot 12:69–80
Badger MR, Hanson D, and Price GD (2002) Evolution and diversity of CO 2 concentrating mechanisms in cyanobacteria.
Funct Plant Biol 29:161–173.
Beer S and Bj¨ ork M (2000) Measuring rates of photosynthesis of
two tropical seagrasses by pulse amplitude modulated (PAM)
fluorometry. Aquat Bot 66:69–76.
Beer S and Rehnberg J (1997) The acquisition of inorganic carbon by the seagrass Zostera marina. Aquat Bot 56:277–283
Beer S and Waisel Y (1979) Some photosynthetic carbon fixation
properties of seagrasses. Aquat Bot 7:129–138
Beer S and Waisel Y (1982) Effects of light and pressure on
photosynthesis in two seagrasses. Aquat Bot 13:331–337
Beer S, Israel A and Waisel Y (1980) Carbon metabolism in
seagrasses. II. Patterns of photosynthetic CO 2 incorporation.
J Exp Bot 31:1019–1026
Beer S, Bj¨ ork M, Hellblom F, & Axelsson L (2002) Inorganic
carbon utilization in marine angiosperms (seagrasses). Funct
Plant Biol 29: 349–354
Beer S, Vilenkin B, Weil A, Veste M, Susel L and Eshel A
(1998) Measuring photosynthetic rates in seagrasses by pulse
amplitude modulated (PAM) fluorometry. Mar Ecol Prog Ser
174:293–300
Benedict CR, Wong WW and Wong JH (1980) Fractionation
of the stable isotopes of inorganic carbon by seagrass. Plant
Physiol (Lanc.) 65:512–517
Bj¨ ork M, Weil A, Semesi S and Beer S (1997) Photosynthetic
utilization of inorganic carbon by seagrasses from Zanzibar,
East Africa. Mar Biol 129: 363–366
Bowes, G, Rao SK, Estavillo GM and Reiskind JB (2002) C 4
mechanisms in aquatic angiosperms: comparisons with terrestrial C 4 systems. Funct Plant Biol 29:379–392
Brylinsky M (1977) Release of some dissolved organic matter
by some marine macrophytes. Mar Biol 39:213–20
Burke MK Dennison WC and Moore KA (1996) Non-structural
carbohydrate reserves of eelgrass Zostera marina. Mar Ecol
Prog Ser 137:195–201
Cummings ME and Zimmerman RC (2003) Light-harvesting
and the package effect in the seagrass Thalassia testudinum
Banks ex Konig and Zostera marina L.: optical constraints on
photoacclimation. Aquat Bot 75:261–274.
Dawson SP and Dennison WC (1996) Effects of ultraviolet and
photosynthetically active radiation on five seagrass species.
Mar Biol 125:629–638.
Demmig-Adams B and Adams III WW (1993) The xanthophyll
cycle. p.206-251 In A Young and G Britton, (Eds) Carotenoids
in photosynthesis. Chapman Hall, London
Drew EA (1978) Factors affecting photosynthesis and its seasonal variation in the seagrasses Cymodocea nodosa (Ucria)
Aschers., and Posidonia oceanica (L) Delile in the Mediterranean. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 31:173–94
Drew EA (1983) Sugars, cyclitols and seagrass phylogeny. Aquat
Bot 15:387–408
Drew EA (1984) The physiology and metabolism of cyclitols. pp.
133–55. In DH Lewis (ed.), The Physiology and Biochemistry
of Storage Carbohydrates in Vascular Plants. Cambridge Univ.
Press., Cambridge.
Duarte CM (1991) Seagrass depth limits. Aquat Bot 40:363–
377
Duarte CM and Chiscano CL (1999) Seagrass biomass and production: a reassessment. Aquat Bot 65: 159–174
Dunton KH (1996) Photosynthetic production and biomass of
the subtropical seagrass Halodule wrightii along an estuarine
gradient. Estuaries 19:436–447
Dunton KH and Tomasko DA (1991) Seasonal variations in the
photosynthetic performance of Halodule wrightii measured
in situ in Laguna Madre, Texas. p. 71–78. In: JH Kemworthy,
and JH Haunert (eds.), The light requirements of seagrasses:
A. W. D. Larkum, E. A. Drew, and P. J. Ralph
renewed investigation, as do the processes of sugar
metabolism and export from the leaves. Finally the
area of secondary metabolites and the role of such
products as myo-inositols is an intriguing one, which
has received almost no research over the last decade.
Acknowledgements
We should like to thank our many coworkers and
collaborators for help in the past and critical discussions. In particular we want to thank Dr U. Schreiber
and R. Gademann for help with the development of
PAM fluorometers, which have been so helpful in
these photosynthetic studies.
References
Abal EG, Loneragan N, Bowen P, Perry C, Udy J, Dennison
WC (1994) Physiological responses of the seagrass Zostera
capricorni Aschers. to light intensity. J Exp Mar Biol & Ecol
178:113–129
Abel KM, and Drew EA (1989) Carbon metabolism. p 760–796.
In: AWD Larkum, AJ McComb and SA Shepherd (Eds.) Biology of Seagrasses: A treatise on the biology of seagrasses with
special reference to the Australasian region. Elsevier Publ. Co.,
Amsterdam
Alcoverro T, Manzanera M and Romero J (1998) Seasonal
and age-dependent variability of Posidonia oceanica (L.)
Delile photosynthetic parameters. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 230:
1–13
Alcoverro T, Zimmerman RC, Kohrs DG and Alberte RS (1999)
Resource allocation and sucrose mobilisation in light-limited
eelgrass Zostera marina. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 187:121–131
Alcoverro T, Manzanera M, and Romero J (2001) Annual
metabolic carbon balance of the seagrass Posidonia oceanica: the importance of carbohydrate reserves. Mar Ecol Prog
Ser 211:105–116
Andersson B and Aro EM (2001) Photodamage and D1 protein
turnover in photosystem II. p. 377–393. In EM Aro, and B
Andersson (eds.), Regulation of Photosynthesis, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht
Andrews TJ and Abel KM (1979) Photosynthetic carbon
metabolism in seagrasses:
14 C labelling evidence for the C 3
pathway. Plant Physiol 63:650–656
Attaway DH, Parker PL and Mears JA (1970) Normal alkanes of
five coastal spermatophytes. Publ Inst Mar Sci, Texas 15:13–9
Augier H (1982) A comparison of the C, H, N, protein and amino
acid composition of Posidonia australis Hook f. with that
of Posidonia oceanica (L) Delile and several other marine
phanerogams. Aquat Bot 12:69–80
Badger MR, Hanson D, and Price GD (2002) Evolution and diversity of CO 2 concentrating mechanisms in cyanobacteria.
Funct Plant Biol 29:161–173.
Beer S and Bj¨ ork M (2000) Measuring rates of photosynthesis of
two tropical seagrasses by pulse amplitude modulated (PAM)
fluorometry. Aquat Bot 66:69–76.
Beer S and Rehnberg J (1997) The acquisition of inorganic carbon by the seagrass Zostera marina. Aquat Bot 56:277–283
Beer S and Waisel Y (1979) Some photosynthetic carbon fixation
properties of seagrasses. Aquat Bot 7:129–138
Beer S and Waisel Y (1982) Effects of light and pressure on
photosynthesis in two seagrasses. Aquat Bot 13:331–337
Beer S, Israel A and Waisel Y (1980) Carbon metabolism in
seagrasses. II. Patterns of photosynthetic CO 2 incorporation.
J Exp Bot 31:1019–1026
Beer S, Bj¨ ork M, Hellblom F, & Axelsson L (2002) Inorganic
carbon utilization in marine angiosperms (seagrasses). Funct
Plant Biol 29: 349–354
Beer S, Vilenkin B, Weil A, Veste M, Susel L and Eshel A
(1998) Measuring photosynthetic rates in seagrasses by pulse
amplitude modulated (PAM) fluorometry. Mar Ecol Prog Ser
174:293–300
Benedict CR, Wong WW and Wong JH (1980) Fractionation
of the stable isotopes of inorganic carbon by seagrass. Plant
Physiol (Lanc.) 65:512–517
Bj¨ ork M, Weil A, Semesi S and Beer S (1997) Photosynthetic
utilization of inorganic carbon by seagrasses from Zanzibar,
East Africa. Mar Biol 129: 363–366
Bowes, G, Rao SK, Estavillo GM and Reiskind JB (2002) C 4
mechanisms in aquatic angiosperms: comparisons with terrestrial C 4 systems. Funct Plant Biol 29:379–392
Brylinsky M (1977) Release of some dissolved organic matter
by some marine macrophytes. Mar Biol 39:213–20
Burke MK Dennison WC and Moore KA (1996) Non-structural
carbohydrate reserves of eelgrass Zostera marina. Mar Ecol
Prog Ser 137:195–201
Cummings ME and Zimmerman RC (2003) Light-harvesting
and the package effect in the seagrass Thalassia testudinum
Banks ex Konig and Zostera marina L.: optical constraints on
photoacclimation. Aquat Bot 75:261–274.
Dawson SP and Dennison WC (1996) Effects of ultraviolet and
photosynthetically active radiation on five seagrass species.
Mar Biol 125:629–638.
Demmig-Adams B and Adams III WW (1993) The xanthophyll
cycle. p.206-251 In A Young and G Britton, (Eds) Carotenoids
in photosynthesis. Chapman Hall, London
Drew EA (1978) Factors affecting photosynthesis and its seasonal variation in the seagrasses Cymodocea nodosa (Ucria)
Aschers., and Posidonia oceanica (L) Delile in the Mediterranean. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 31:173–94
Drew EA (1983) Sugars, cyclitols and seagrass phylogeny. Aquat
Bot 15:387–408
Drew EA (1984) The physiology and metabolism of cyclitols. pp.
133–55. In DH Lewis (ed.), The Physiology and Biochemistry
of Storage Carbohydrates in Vascular Plants. Cambridge Univ.
Press., Cambridge.
Duarte CM (1991) Seagrass depth limits. Aquat Bot 40:363–
377
Duarte CM and Chiscano CL (1999) Seagrass biomass and production: a reassessment. Aquat Bot 65: 159–174
Dunton KH (1996) Photosynthetic production and biomass of
the subtropical seagrass Halodule wrightii along an estuarine
gradient. Estuaries 19:436–447
Dunton KH and Tomasko DA (1991) Seasonal variations in the
photosynthetic performance of Halodule wrightii measured
in situ in Laguna Madre, Texas. p. 71–78. In: JH Kemworthy,
and JH Haunert (eds.), The light requirements of seagrasses: