Chapter 14 Photosynthesis in Seagrasses
327
Table 1. Photosynthetic and respiratory characteristics of seagrass leaves:
α, rate of photosynthesis in the linear part of the P vs E curve; E
k , PAR at the intersection of
the
α: curve with P
max in a P vs E curve: P
max , maximum rate of photosynthesis (without photoinhibition or without other stresses such as restricted C
i supply); Ec, PAR
at the compensation point — the point at which gross photosynthetic rate equals the respiratory rate; PAR, photosynthetic radiation (µmol photons m
−2
s
−1
); R,
respiratory rate. Units as follows:
α: 1.
µg O
2 ug
−1
chl h
−1
; 1A
µM O
2 mg Chl
−1
min
−1
; 1B. nmol O
2 mg Chl
−1
m
2
; 2. mg O
2 gDW
−1
h
−1
; 2A.
µgO 2 gAFD
−1
min
−1
; 3.
µm O
2 gFW
−1
min
−1
; 4.
µmol O
2 m
−2
s
−1
; 4A
µmol O
2 cm
−2
h
−1
(µE m
−2
s
−1
); 5. mg O
2 gDW h
−1
(µmol E m
−2
s
−1
)
−1
; 6.
µm O
2 gDW-1 h-1(µE. m
−2
s
−1
)
−1
; 7. mg
C gDW-1 h-1; P
max and Leaf Respiration, R: 8. mg O
2 g
−1
h
−1
; 8A
µg O
2 gAFDW
−1
min
−1
; 9
µg O
2
µg Chl
−1
h
−1
; 9A.
µmol O
2 mg Chl
−1
min
−1
; 10.
µmol O
2
gDW
−1
h
−1
; 11. ppm O2 gDW-1 h-1; 12.
µmol CO
2 kgDW
−1
s
−1
; 13.
µmol O
2 m
−2
s
−1
; 14.
µmol O
2 gFW
−1
min
−1
; 15. mgC gDW
−1
h
−1
; 16.
µmol O
2 cm
−2
h
−1
.*
Species
α
E
k *
P
max
E
c *
R
Conditions
Reference
Amphibolis antarctica
0.039–0.054 (1)
32–40
1–1.5 (8)
17–23
0.3–0.6 (8)
13–23
◦
C
Masini & Manning 1997
Amphibolis griffithii
0.035 (1)
70
2.4 (9)
20
0.51 (8)
Gross Pmax
Masini et al. 1995
Amphibolis grififthii
0.039 (1)
25–56
1–1.35 (8)
15–17
0.3–0.5 (8)
13–23
◦
C
Masini & Manning 1997
Cymodocea nodosa
0.046 (2)
8.4 (8)
61
2.4 (8)
20
◦
C
Enr´ ıquez et al., 1995
Cymodocea nodosa
0.005–0.63 (2)
2.4–8
2.4–8.0 (8)
0.29–0.64 (8)
10 or 30
◦
C
Terrados & Ros 1995
Halodule uninervis
–
50
0.12 (8A)
20–40
Beer & Waisel, 1982
Halodule wrightii
0.5–2.4 (2)
374 (10)
85
75–116 (10)
In situ
Dunton & Tomasko, 1994
Halodule wrightii
0.5–2.4 (2)
319
422 (10)
81
37–142 (10)
In situ, yearly mean
Dunton, 1996
Halophila stipulacea
–
100
40 (9A)
20–40
Variable depth
Beer & Waisel
Posidonia australis
0.009 (1)
90
0.84 (9A)
25
0.3–0.9 (1)
Gross Pmax
Masini et al. 1995
Posidonia australis
0.015–0.024 (1)
35–50
0.8–2.0 (8)
17–20
0.3–0.6 (1)
13–23
◦
C
Masini & Manning 1997
Posidonia oceanica
0.046 (5)
6.99 (8)
21
0.97 (8)
20
◦
C
Enriquez et al., 1995
Posidonia oceanica
0.01 (2)
257
7.7 (8)
37
1.0–1.4 (8)
Yearly mean
Alcoverro et al. 1998
Posidonia sinuosa
0.016–0.019 (1)
55–59
0.8–1.1 (9)
24
0.39–0.94 (9)
Gross Pmax
Masini et al. 1995
Posidonia sinuosa
0.015 (1)
38–55
0.6–1.2 (8)
20–25
0.36–0.57 (8)
13–23
◦
C
Masini & Manning 1997
Ruppia maritima
0.062 (2)
–
15.9 (8)
23
1.43 (8)
20
◦
C
Enr´ ıquez et al., 1995
Syringodium filiforme
0.5–0.6 (6)
320–410 200–216 (10) 125–140 29–37 (10)
Seasonal
Major and Dunton, 2000
Thalassia testudinum
0.017 (5)
–
2.1–2.3 (16)
–
0.16–0.18 (16) Shallow, dense community Enr´ ıquez et al., 2002
Thalassodendron ciliatum 30–50
1.5–5
30–50 (12)
–
–
0.5–33 m depth
Parnik et al. 1992
Zostera capricorni
0.018 (4)
182
4.2 (13)
45
–
–
Flanigan & Critchley, 1996
Zostera marina
0.0035 (3)
100–290 0.5–1.7
–
–
Seasonal
Zimmerman et al. 1995
Zostera marina
0.002–0.004 (1A) 65
0.4 (9A)
10–15
–
15–35
◦
C
Marsh et al., 1986
Zostera marina
0.008 (7)
250
3–6.5 (15)
30–35
–
Young leaf segments
Jim´ enez et al. 1987
Zostera marina
0.046 (5)
–
6.85 (8)
40
1.7 (8)
20
◦
C
Enriquez et al., 1995
Zostera marina
0.00133 (1B)
27
0.2 (9A)
–
0.07 (9A)
15
◦
C
Zimmerman et al., 1997
Zostera noltii
0.23–0.63 (2A)
222–390 71–236 (8A)
98–300
–
Seasonal
Vermatt & Verhagen 1996
Zostera noltii
0.008 (7)
350
3–6.5 (15)
30–35
–
Young leaf segments
Jim´ enez et al., 1987
Zostera noltii
0.046 (5)
–
12.1 (8)
56
2.7 (8)
20
◦
C
Enr´ ıquez et al., 1995
327
Table 1. Photosynthetic and respiratory characteristics of seagrass leaves:
α, rate of photosynthesis in the linear part of the P vs E curve; E
k , PAR at the intersection of
the
α: curve with P
max in a P vs E curve: P
max , maximum rate of photosynthesis (without photoinhibition or without other stresses such as restricted C
i supply); Ec, PAR
at the compensation point — the point at which gross photosynthetic rate equals the respiratory rate; PAR, photosynthetic radiation (µmol photons m
−2
s
−1
); R,
respiratory rate. Units as follows:
α: 1.
µg O
2 ug
−1
chl h
−1
; 1A
µM O
2 mg Chl
−1
min
−1
; 1B. nmol O
2 mg Chl
−1
m
2
; 2. mg O
2 gDW
−1
h
−1
; 2A.
µgO 2 gAFD
−1
min
−1
; 3.
µm O
2 gFW
−1
min
−1
; 4.
µmol O
2 m
−2
s
−1
; 4A
µmol O
2 cm
−2
h
−1
(µE m
−2
s
−1
); 5. mg O
2 gDW h
−1
(µmol E m
−2
s
−1
)
−1
; 6.
µm O
2 gDW-1 h-1(µE. m
−2
s
−1
)
−1
; 7. mg
C gDW-1 h-1; P
max and Leaf Respiration, R: 8. mg O
2 g
−1
h
−1
; 8A
µg O
2 gAFDW
−1
min
−1
; 9
µg O
2
µg Chl
−1
h
−1
; 9A.
µmol O
2 mg Chl
−1
min
−1
; 10.
µmol O
2
gDW
−1
h
−1
; 11. ppm O2 gDW-1 h-1; 12.
µmol CO
2 kgDW
−1
s
−1
; 13.
µmol O
2 m
−2
s
−1
; 14.
µmol O
2 gFW
−1
min
−1
; 15. mgC gDW
−1
h
−1
; 16.
µmol O
2 cm
−2
h
−1
.*
Species
α
E
k *
P
max
E
c *
R
Conditions
Reference
Amphibolis antarctica
0.039–0.054 (1)
32–40
1–1.5 (8)
17–23
0.3–0.6 (8)
13–23
◦
C
Masini & Manning 1997
Amphibolis griffithii
0.035 (1)
70
2.4 (9)
20
0.51 (8)
Gross Pmax
Masini et al. 1995
Amphibolis grififthii
0.039 (1)
25–56
1–1.35 (8)
15–17
0.3–0.5 (8)
13–23
◦
C
Masini & Manning 1997
Cymodocea nodosa
0.046 (2)
8.4 (8)
61
2.4 (8)
20
◦
C
Enr´ ıquez et al., 1995
Cymodocea nodosa
0.005–0.63 (2)
2.4–8
2.4–8.0 (8)
0.29–0.64 (8)
10 or 30
◦
C
Terrados & Ros 1995
Halodule uninervis
–
50
0.12 (8A)
20–40
Beer & Waisel, 1982
Halodule wrightii
0.5–2.4 (2)
374 (10)
85
75–116 (10)
In situ
Dunton & Tomasko, 1994
Halodule wrightii
0.5–2.4 (2)
319
422 (10)
81
37–142 (10)
In situ, yearly mean
Dunton, 1996
Halophila stipulacea
–
100
40 (9A)
20–40
Variable depth
Beer & Waisel
Posidonia australis
0.009 (1)
90
0.84 (9A)
25
0.3–0.9 (1)
Gross Pmax
Masini et al. 1995
Posidonia australis
0.015–0.024 (1)
35–50
0.8–2.0 (8)
17–20
0.3–0.6 (1)
13–23
◦
C
Masini & Manning 1997
Posidonia oceanica
0.046 (5)
6.99 (8)
21
0.97 (8)
20
◦
C
Enriquez et al., 1995
Posidonia oceanica
0.01 (2)
257
7.7 (8)
37
1.0–1.4 (8)
Yearly mean
Alcoverro et al. 1998
Posidonia sinuosa
0.016–0.019 (1)
55–59
0.8–1.1 (9)
24
0.39–0.94 (9)
Gross Pmax
Masini et al. 1995
Posidonia sinuosa
0.015 (1)
38–55
0.6–1.2 (8)
20–25
0.36–0.57 (8)
13–23
◦
C
Masini & Manning 1997
Ruppia maritima
0.062 (2)
–
15.9 (8)
23
1.43 (8)
20
◦
C
Enr´ ıquez et al., 1995
Syringodium filiforme
0.5–0.6 (6)
320–410 200–216 (10) 125–140 29–37 (10)
Seasonal
Major and Dunton, 2000
Thalassia testudinum
0.017 (5)
–
2.1–2.3 (16)
–
0.16–0.18 (16) Shallow, dense community Enr´ ıquez et al., 2002
Thalassodendron ciliatum 30–50
1.5–5
30–50 (12)
–
–
0.5–33 m depth
Parnik et al. 1992
Zostera capricorni
0.018 (4)
182
4.2 (13)
45
–
–
Flanigan & Critchley, 1996
Zostera marina
0.0035 (3)
100–290 0.5–1.7
–
–
Seasonal
Zimmerman et al. 1995
Zostera marina
0.002–0.004 (1A) 65
0.4 (9A)
10–15
–
15–35
◦
C
Marsh et al., 1986
Zostera marina
0.008 (7)
250
3–6.5 (15)
30–35
–
Young leaf segments
Jim´ enez et al. 1987
Zostera marina
0.046 (5)
–
6.85 (8)
40
1.7 (8)
20
◦
C
Enriquez et al., 1995
Zostera marina
0.00133 (1B)
27
0.2 (9A)
–
0.07 (9A)
15
◦
C
Zimmerman et al., 1997
Zostera noltii
0.23–0.63 (2A)
222–390 71–236 (8A)
98–300
–
Seasonal
Vermatt & Verhagen 1996
Zostera noltii
0.008 (7)
350
3–6.5 (15)
30–35
–
Young leaf segments
Jim´ enez et al., 1987
Zostera noltii
0.046 (5)
–
12.1 (8)
56
2.7 (8)
20
◦
C
Enr´ ıquez et al., 1995