320
R. C. Zimmerman
Duarte CM (1991b) Seagrass depth limits. Aquat Bot 40: 363–
377
Dunton K (1994) Seasonal growth and biomass of the subtropical
seagrass Halodule wrightii in relation to continuous measurements of underwater irradiance. Mar Biol 120: 479–489
Durako MJ (1993) Photosynthetic utilization of CO 2 (aq) and
HCO 3 - in Thalassia testudinum (Hydrocharitacae). Mar Biol
115: 373–380
Duysens L (1956) The flattening of the absorption spectrum of
suspensions, as compared to that of solids. Biochem Biophys
Acta 19: 1–12
Falkowski P and Raven J (1997) Aquatic Photosynthesis.
Blackwell, Oxford UK
Fourqurean JW and Zieman JC (1991) Photosynthesis, respiration and whole plant carbon budget of the seagrass Thalassia
testudinum. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 69: 161–170
Ganapol B and Myneni R (1992) The F N Method for the oneangle radiative transfer equation applied to plant canopies.
Remote Sens Environ 39: 212–231
Givnish T (1987) Comparative studies on leaf form: Assessing
the relative roles of selective pressures and phylogenetic constraints. New Phytol 106(Suppl): 131–160
Goudriaan J (1988) The bare bones of leaf-angle distribution in
radiation models for canopy photosynthesis and energy exchange. Agric Forest Meterol 43: 155–169
Hemminga M and Duarte C (2000) Seagrass Ecology. Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge UK
Herzka S and Dunton K (1997) Seasonal photosynthetic patterns
in the seagrass Thalassia testudinum in the western Gulf of
Mexico. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 152: 103–117
Invers O, Zimmerman R, Alberte R, Perez M and Romero J
(2001) Inorganic carbon sources for seagrass photosynthesis:
An experimental evaluation for bicarbonate use in temperate
species. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 265: 203–217
Jacquemoud S, Ustin S, Verdebout J, Schmuck J, Andreoli G
and Hosgood B (1996) Estimating leaf biochemistry using
the PROPSECT leaf optical properties model. Remote Sens
Environ 56: 194–202
Kenworthy W and Fonseca M (1996) Light requirements of seagrasses Halodule wrightii and Syringodium filiforme derived
from the relationship between diffuse light attenuation and
maximum depth distribution. Estuar 19: 740–750
Kirchman DL, Mazzella L, Alberte RS and Mitchell R (1984)
Epiphytic bacterial production on Zostera marina. Mar Ecol
Prog Ser 15: 207–211
Kirk JTO (1994) Light and Photosynthesis in Aquatic Ecosystems, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK
Klumpp D, Salita-Espinosa J and Fortes M (1992) The role of
epophytic periphyton and macroinvertebrate grazers in the
trophic flux of a tropical seagrass community. Aquat Bot 43:
327–349
Kraemer GP and Alberte RS (1993) Age-related patterns of
metabolism and biomass in subterranean tissues of Zostera
marina L. (eelgrass). Mar Ecol Prog Ser 95: 193–203
Lacapra V, Melack J, Gastil M and Valeriano D (1996) Remote
sensing of foliar chemistry of inundated rice with imaging
spectrometry. Remote Sens Environ 55: 50–58
Lee D and Graham R (1986) Leaf optical properties of rainforest
sun and extreme shade plants. Am J Bot 73: 1100–1108
Mazzella L and Alberte RS (1986) Light adaptation and the role
of autotrophic epiphytes in primary production of the temperate seagrass, Zostera marina L. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 100:
165–180
Millhouse J and Strother S (1986) The effect of pH on the
inorganic carbon source for photosynthesis in the seagrass
Zostera mulleri Irmish ex Aschers. Aquat Bot 24: 199–
209
Mobley C (1989) A numerical model for the computation of
radiance distribution in natural waters with wind-roughened
surfaces. Limnol Oceanogr 34: 1473–1483
Mobley C (1994) Light and water: Radiative transfer in natural
waters. Academic Press, San Diego, CA USA
Morel A (1978) Available, useable and stored radiant energy
in relation to marine photosynthesis. Deep-Sea Research 25:
637–688
Morris L and Tomasko D (1993) Proceedings and Conclusions
of a Workshop on: Submerged Aquatic Vegetation and Photosynthetically Active Radiation, p. 244. St. Johns River Water
Management District Palatka, FL, USA
Mumby P, Green E, Edwards A and Clark C (1997) Measurement
of seagrass standing crop using satellite and digital airborne
remote sensing. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 159: 51–60
Norman D, Ruggerone J, June A and Wyllie-Echeverria S (1995)
Development of a Baseline Monitoring Program for Dumas
Bay, Federal Way, Washington
Norman J and Welles J (1983) Radiative transfer in an array of
plant canopies. Agron J 75: 481–488
Olesen B and Sand-Jensen K (1993) Seasonal acclimatization of
eelgrass Zostera marina growth to light. Mar Ecol Prog Ser
94: 91–99
Penhale PA (1977) Macrophyte-epiphyte biomass and productivity in an eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) community. J Exp Mar
Biol Ecol 26: 211–224
Sand-Jensen K (1977) Effect of epiphytes on eelgrass photosynthesis. Aquat Bot 3: 55–63
Short F (1980) A simulation model of the seagrass production
system, p. 353. In: Phillips R and McRoy C (eds) Handbook of Seagrass Biology. An Ecosystem Perspective. Garland
Press, New York, NY, USA
Short F and Wyllie-Echeverria S (1996) Natural and humaninduced disturbance of seagrasses. Environmental Conservation 23: 17–27
Shultis J and Myneni R (1988) Radiative transfer in vegetation
canopies with anisotropic scattering. J Quant Spectrosc Radiat
Transfer 39: 115–129
Smith C and Alberte R (1994) Characterization of in vivo absorption features of chlorophyte, phaeophyte and rhodophyte
algal species. Mar Biol 118: 511–521
Smith RD (1989) Anaerobic metabolism in roots of the seagrass
Zostera marina, Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology p. 241.
The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
Smith RD, Dennison WC and Alberte RS (1984) Role of seagrass
photosynthesis in root aerobic processes. Plant Physiol 74:
1055–1058
Smith RD, Pregnall AM and Alberte RS (1988) Effects of anaerobiosis on root metabolism of the seagrass Zostera marina L.
(eelgrass). Mar Biol 98: 131–141
Terrados J, Borum J, Duarte C, Fortes M, Kamp-Nielsen L,
Aqwan N (1999) Nutrient and mass allocation of south-east
Asian seagrasses. Aquat Bot 63: 203–217
Tomlinson PB (1980) Leaf morphology and anatomy in seagrasses, p. 7–28. In: Phillips R and McRoy C (eds), Handbook
R. C. Zimmerman
Duarte CM (1991b) Seagrass depth limits. Aquat Bot 40: 363–
377
Dunton K (1994) Seasonal growth and biomass of the subtropical
seagrass Halodule wrightii in relation to continuous measurements of underwater irradiance. Mar Biol 120: 479–489
Durako MJ (1993) Photosynthetic utilization of CO 2 (aq) and
HCO 3 - in Thalassia testudinum (Hydrocharitacae). Mar Biol
115: 373–380
Duysens L (1956) The flattening of the absorption spectrum of
suspensions, as compared to that of solids. Biochem Biophys
Acta 19: 1–12
Falkowski P and Raven J (1997) Aquatic Photosynthesis.
Blackwell, Oxford UK
Fourqurean JW and Zieman JC (1991) Photosynthesis, respiration and whole plant carbon budget of the seagrass Thalassia
testudinum. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 69: 161–170
Ganapol B and Myneni R (1992) The F N Method for the oneangle radiative transfer equation applied to plant canopies.
Remote Sens Environ 39: 212–231
Givnish T (1987) Comparative studies on leaf form: Assessing
the relative roles of selective pressures and phylogenetic constraints. New Phytol 106(Suppl): 131–160
Goudriaan J (1988) The bare bones of leaf-angle distribution in
radiation models for canopy photosynthesis and energy exchange. Agric Forest Meterol 43: 155–169
Hemminga M and Duarte C (2000) Seagrass Ecology. Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge UK
Herzka S and Dunton K (1997) Seasonal photosynthetic patterns
in the seagrass Thalassia testudinum in the western Gulf of
Mexico. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 152: 103–117
Invers O, Zimmerman R, Alberte R, Perez M and Romero J
(2001) Inorganic carbon sources for seagrass photosynthesis:
An experimental evaluation for bicarbonate use in temperate
species. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 265: 203–217
Jacquemoud S, Ustin S, Verdebout J, Schmuck J, Andreoli G
and Hosgood B (1996) Estimating leaf biochemistry using
the PROPSECT leaf optical properties model. Remote Sens
Environ 56: 194–202
Kenworthy W and Fonseca M (1996) Light requirements of seagrasses Halodule wrightii and Syringodium filiforme derived
from the relationship between diffuse light attenuation and
maximum depth distribution. Estuar 19: 740–750
Kirchman DL, Mazzella L, Alberte RS and Mitchell R (1984)
Epiphytic bacterial production on Zostera marina. Mar Ecol
Prog Ser 15: 207–211
Kirk JTO (1994) Light and Photosynthesis in Aquatic Ecosystems, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK
Klumpp D, Salita-Espinosa J and Fortes M (1992) The role of
epophytic periphyton and macroinvertebrate grazers in the
trophic flux of a tropical seagrass community. Aquat Bot 43:
327–349
Kraemer GP and Alberte RS (1993) Age-related patterns of
metabolism and biomass in subterranean tissues of Zostera
marina L. (eelgrass). Mar Ecol Prog Ser 95: 193–203
Lacapra V, Melack J, Gastil M and Valeriano D (1996) Remote
sensing of foliar chemistry of inundated rice with imaging
spectrometry. Remote Sens Environ 55: 50–58
Lee D and Graham R (1986) Leaf optical properties of rainforest
sun and extreme shade plants. Am J Bot 73: 1100–1108
Mazzella L and Alberte RS (1986) Light adaptation and the role
of autotrophic epiphytes in primary production of the temperate seagrass, Zostera marina L. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 100:
165–180
Millhouse J and Strother S (1986) The effect of pH on the
inorganic carbon source for photosynthesis in the seagrass
Zostera mulleri Irmish ex Aschers. Aquat Bot 24: 199–
209
Mobley C (1989) A numerical model for the computation of
radiance distribution in natural waters with wind-roughened
surfaces. Limnol Oceanogr 34: 1473–1483
Mobley C (1994) Light and water: Radiative transfer in natural
waters. Academic Press, San Diego, CA USA
Morel A (1978) Available, useable and stored radiant energy
in relation to marine photosynthesis. Deep-Sea Research 25:
637–688
Morris L and Tomasko D (1993) Proceedings and Conclusions
of a Workshop on: Submerged Aquatic Vegetation and Photosynthetically Active Radiation, p. 244. St. Johns River Water
Management District Palatka, FL, USA
Mumby P, Green E, Edwards A and Clark C (1997) Measurement
of seagrass standing crop using satellite and digital airborne
remote sensing. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 159: 51–60
Norman D, Ruggerone J, June A and Wyllie-Echeverria S (1995)
Development of a Baseline Monitoring Program for Dumas
Bay, Federal Way, Washington
Norman J and Welles J (1983) Radiative transfer in an array of
plant canopies. Agron J 75: 481–488
Olesen B and Sand-Jensen K (1993) Seasonal acclimatization of
eelgrass Zostera marina growth to light. Mar Ecol Prog Ser
94: 91–99
Penhale PA (1977) Macrophyte-epiphyte biomass and productivity in an eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) community. J Exp Mar
Biol Ecol 26: 211–224
Sand-Jensen K (1977) Effect of epiphytes on eelgrass photosynthesis. Aquat Bot 3: 55–63
Short F (1980) A simulation model of the seagrass production
system, p. 353. In: Phillips R and McRoy C (eds) Handbook of Seagrass Biology. An Ecosystem Perspective. Garland
Press, New York, NY, USA
Short F and Wyllie-Echeverria S (1996) Natural and humaninduced disturbance of seagrasses. Environmental Conservation 23: 17–27
Shultis J and Myneni R (1988) Radiative transfer in vegetation
canopies with anisotropic scattering. J Quant Spectrosc Radiat
Transfer 39: 115–129
Smith C and Alberte R (1994) Characterization of in vivo absorption features of chlorophyte, phaeophyte and rhodophyte
algal species. Mar Biol 118: 511–521
Smith RD (1989) Anaerobic metabolism in roots of the seagrass
Zostera marina, Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology p. 241.
The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
Smith RD, Dennison WC and Alberte RS (1984) Role of seagrass
photosynthesis in root aerobic processes. Plant Physiol 74:
1055–1058
Smith RD, Pregnall AM and Alberte RS (1988) Effects of anaerobiosis on root metabolism of the seagrass Zostera marina L.
(eelgrass). Mar Biol 98: 131–141
Terrados J, Borum J, Duarte C, Fortes M, Kamp-Nielsen L,
Aqwan N (1999) Nutrient and mass allocation of south-east
Asian seagrasses. Aquat Bot 63: 203–217
Tomlinson PB (1980) Leaf morphology and anatomy in seagrasses, p. 7–28. In: Phillips R and McRoy C (eds), Handbook