Chapter 9 Nutrients and Seagrasses
253
Rysgaard S, Risgaard-Petersen N and Sloth NP (1996) Nitrification, denitrification, and nitrate ammonification in sediments
of two coastal lagoons in southern France. Hydrobiologia 329:
133–141
Seitzinger SP (1988) Denitrification in freshwater and coastal
marine ecosystems: Ecological and geochemical significance.
Limnol Oceanogr 33: 702–724
Shepherd SA and Sprigg RC (1976) Substrate, sediments and
subtidal ecology of Gulf St. Vincent and Investigator Strait.
Depart Agric Fish 5: 161–174
Shieh WY and Yang JT (1997) Denitrification in the rhizosphere
of the two seagrassesThalassia hemprichii (Ehrenb.) Aschers
and Halodule uninervis (Forsk.) Aschers. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol
218: 229–241
Short FT (1987) Effects of sediment nutrients on seagrasses:
Literature review and mesocosm experiment. Aquat Bot 27:
41–57
Short FT, Dennison WC and Capone DG (1990) Phosphoruslimited growth of the tropical seagrass Syringodium filiforme
in carbonate sediments. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 62: 169–174
Short FT and McRoy CP (1984) Nitrogen uptake by leaves and
roots of the seagrass Zostera marina L. Bot Mar 17: 547–
555
Stapel J, Aarts TL, van Duynhoven BHM, De Groot JD, van den
Hoogen PHW and Hemminga MA (1996) Nutrient uptake by
leaves and roots and the seagrass Thalassia hemprichii in the
Spermonde Archipelago, Indonesia. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 134:
195–206
Stapel J and Hemminga MA (1997) Nutrient resorption of seagrass leaves. Mar Biol 128: 197–206
Stapel J, Hemminga MA, Bogert CG and Maas YEM (2001) Nitrogen δ
15 N retention in small Thalassia hemprichii seagrass
plots in an offshore meadow in South Sulawesi, Indonesia.
Limnol Oceanogr 46: 24–37
Steudle E and Peterson CA (1998) How does water get through
roots? J Exp Bot 49: 775–788
Stevens CL and Hurd CL (1997) Boundary-layers around bladed
aquatic macrophytes. Hydrobiologia 346: 119–128
Terrados J, Agawin NSR, Duarte CM, Fortes MD, Kamp-Nielsen
L and Borum J (1999) Nutrient limitation of the tropical seagrass Enhalus acoroides (L.) Royle in Cape Bolinao, NW
Philippines. Aquat Bot 65: 123–139
Terrados J, Duarte CM and Kenworthy WJ (1997a) Experimental
evidence for apical dominance in the seagrass Cymodocea
nodosa. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 148: 263–268
Terrados J, Duarte CM and Kenworthy WJ (1997b) Is the apical
growth of Cymodocea nodosa dependent on clonal integration? Mar Ecol Prog Ser 158: 103–110
Terrados J and Williams SL (1997) Leaf versus root nitrogen
uptake by the surfgrass Phyllospadix torreyi. Mar Ecol Prog
Ser 149: 267–277
Thacker A and Syrett PJ (1972) The assimilation of nitrate and
ammonium by Chamydomonas reinhardi. New Phytologist 71:
423–433
Thayer GW, Engel DW and Bjorndal LKA (1982) Evidence for
short circuiting of the detritus cycle of the seagrass beds by
the green turtle Chelonia mydas. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 62:
173–183
Thursby GB and Harlin MM (1982) Leaf-root interaction in the
uptake of ammonia by Zostera marina. Mar Biol 72: 109–
112
Thursby GB and Harlin MM (1984) Interaction of leaves and
roots of Ruppia maritima in the uptake of phosphate, ammonia
and nitrate. Mar Biol 83: 61–67
Tomasko D and Lapointe BE (1991) Productivity and biomass
of Thalassia testudinum as related to water column nutrient
availability and epiphyte levels: Field observations and experimental studies. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 75: 9–17
Tomasko DA and Dawes CJ (1989) Evidence for physiological
integration between shaded and unshaded short shoots of Talassia testudinum. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 54: 299–305
Touchette BW (1999) Physiological and developmental responses of eelgrass (Zostera marina) to increases in watercolumn nitrate and temperature. Ph. D. Dissertation. North
Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.
Touchette BW and Burkholder JM (2000) Review of nitrogen
and phosphorus metabolism in seagrasses. J Exp Mar Biol
Ecol 250: 133–167
Touchette BW and Burkholder JM (2001) Nitrate reductase
activity in a submersed marine angiosperm: Controlling influences of environmental and physiological factors. Plant
Physiol Biochem 39: 583–593
Turpin DA (1991) Effects of inorganic N availability on algal
photosynthesis and carbon metabolism. J Phycology 27: 14–
20
Udy JW and Dennison W (1997a) Growth and physiological
responses of three seagrass species to elevated sediment nutrients in Moreton Bay, Australia. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 217:
253–277
Udy JW and Dennison WC (1997b) Physiological responses of
seagrasses used to identify anthropogenic nutrient inputs. Mar
Freshwater Res 48: 605–614
Udy JW, Dennison WC, Lee Long WJ and McKenzie LJ (1999)
Responses of seagrass to nutrients in the Great Barrier Reef,
Australia. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 185: 257–271
Valentine JF, Fennel Blythe E, Madhavan S and Sherman TD
(2004) Effects of simulated herbivory on nitrogen enzyme
levels, assimilation and allocation in Thalassia testudinum.
Aquat Bot 79: 235–255
Valentine JF and Heck KL (1999) Seagrass herbivory: Evidence
for the continued grazing of marine grasses. Mar Ecol Prog
Ser 176: 291–302
Valiela I (1995) Marine Ecological Processes, 2nd Ed. Springer,
New York
Valiela I and Cole ML (2002) Comparative evidence that salt
marshes and mangroves may protect seagrass meadows from
land-derived nitrogen loads. Ecosystems 5: 92–102
van Katwijk MM, Vergeer LHT, Schmitz GHW and Roelofs JGM
(1997) Ammonium toxicity in eelgrass Zostera marina. Mar
Ecol Prog Ser 157: 159–173
Velimirov B (1984) Grazing ofSalpa salpa L. on Posidonia oceanica and utilization of soluble compounds. In:
Boudouresque CF, Jeudy de Grissac A and Olivier J (eds)
International Workshop on Posidonia oceanica Beds, pp 381–
387. GIS Posidonie 1, Marseille
Vogt KA, Publicover DA, Bloomfield J, Perez JM, Vogt DJ and
Silver WL (1993) Belowground responses as indicators of
environmental change. Environ Exp Bot 33: 189–205
Walker DI and McComb AJ (1985) Decomposition of leaves
from Amphibolis antarctica (Labill.) Sonder et Aschers.
and Posidonia australis Hook. f., the major seagrass species
of Shark Bay, Western Australia. Bot Mar 28: 407–413
253
Rysgaard S, Risgaard-Petersen N and Sloth NP (1996) Nitrification, denitrification, and nitrate ammonification in sediments
of two coastal lagoons in southern France. Hydrobiologia 329:
133–141
Seitzinger SP (1988) Denitrification in freshwater and coastal
marine ecosystems: Ecological and geochemical significance.
Limnol Oceanogr 33: 702–724
Shepherd SA and Sprigg RC (1976) Substrate, sediments and
subtidal ecology of Gulf St. Vincent and Investigator Strait.
Depart Agric Fish 5: 161–174
Shieh WY and Yang JT (1997) Denitrification in the rhizosphere
of the two seagrassesThalassia hemprichii (Ehrenb.) Aschers
and Halodule uninervis (Forsk.) Aschers. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol
218: 229–241
Short FT (1987) Effects of sediment nutrients on seagrasses:
Literature review and mesocosm experiment. Aquat Bot 27:
41–57
Short FT, Dennison WC and Capone DG (1990) Phosphoruslimited growth of the tropical seagrass Syringodium filiforme
in carbonate sediments. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 62: 169–174
Short FT and McRoy CP (1984) Nitrogen uptake by leaves and
roots of the seagrass Zostera marina L. Bot Mar 17: 547–
555
Stapel J, Aarts TL, van Duynhoven BHM, De Groot JD, van den
Hoogen PHW and Hemminga MA (1996) Nutrient uptake by
leaves and roots and the seagrass Thalassia hemprichii in the
Spermonde Archipelago, Indonesia. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 134:
195–206
Stapel J and Hemminga MA (1997) Nutrient resorption of seagrass leaves. Mar Biol 128: 197–206
Stapel J, Hemminga MA, Bogert CG and Maas YEM (2001) Nitrogen δ
15 N retention in small Thalassia hemprichii seagrass
plots in an offshore meadow in South Sulawesi, Indonesia.
Limnol Oceanogr 46: 24–37
Steudle E and Peterson CA (1998) How does water get through
roots? J Exp Bot 49: 775–788
Stevens CL and Hurd CL (1997) Boundary-layers around bladed
aquatic macrophytes. Hydrobiologia 346: 119–128
Terrados J, Agawin NSR, Duarte CM, Fortes MD, Kamp-Nielsen
L and Borum J (1999) Nutrient limitation of the tropical seagrass Enhalus acoroides (L.) Royle in Cape Bolinao, NW
Philippines. Aquat Bot 65: 123–139
Terrados J, Duarte CM and Kenworthy WJ (1997a) Experimental
evidence for apical dominance in the seagrass Cymodocea
nodosa. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 148: 263–268
Terrados J, Duarte CM and Kenworthy WJ (1997b) Is the apical
growth of Cymodocea nodosa dependent on clonal integration? Mar Ecol Prog Ser 158: 103–110
Terrados J and Williams SL (1997) Leaf versus root nitrogen
uptake by the surfgrass Phyllospadix torreyi. Mar Ecol Prog
Ser 149: 267–277
Thacker A and Syrett PJ (1972) The assimilation of nitrate and
ammonium by Chamydomonas reinhardi. New Phytologist 71:
423–433
Thayer GW, Engel DW and Bjorndal LKA (1982) Evidence for
short circuiting of the detritus cycle of the seagrass beds by
the green turtle Chelonia mydas. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 62:
173–183
Thursby GB and Harlin MM (1982) Leaf-root interaction in the
uptake of ammonia by Zostera marina. Mar Biol 72: 109–
112
Thursby GB and Harlin MM (1984) Interaction of leaves and
roots of Ruppia maritima in the uptake of phosphate, ammonia
and nitrate. Mar Biol 83: 61–67
Tomasko D and Lapointe BE (1991) Productivity and biomass
of Thalassia testudinum as related to water column nutrient
availability and epiphyte levels: Field observations and experimental studies. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 75: 9–17
Tomasko DA and Dawes CJ (1989) Evidence for physiological
integration between shaded and unshaded short shoots of Talassia testudinum. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 54: 299–305
Touchette BW (1999) Physiological and developmental responses of eelgrass (Zostera marina) to increases in watercolumn nitrate and temperature. Ph. D. Dissertation. North
Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.
Touchette BW and Burkholder JM (2000) Review of nitrogen
and phosphorus metabolism in seagrasses. J Exp Mar Biol
Ecol 250: 133–167
Touchette BW and Burkholder JM (2001) Nitrate reductase
activity in a submersed marine angiosperm: Controlling influences of environmental and physiological factors. Plant
Physiol Biochem 39: 583–593
Turpin DA (1991) Effects of inorganic N availability on algal
photosynthesis and carbon metabolism. J Phycology 27: 14–
20
Udy JW and Dennison W (1997a) Growth and physiological
responses of three seagrass species to elevated sediment nutrients in Moreton Bay, Australia. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 217:
253–277
Udy JW and Dennison WC (1997b) Physiological responses of
seagrasses used to identify anthropogenic nutrient inputs. Mar
Freshwater Res 48: 605–614
Udy JW, Dennison WC, Lee Long WJ and McKenzie LJ (1999)
Responses of seagrass to nutrients in the Great Barrier Reef,
Australia. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 185: 257–271
Valentine JF, Fennel Blythe E, Madhavan S and Sherman TD
(2004) Effects of simulated herbivory on nitrogen enzyme
levels, assimilation and allocation in Thalassia testudinum.
Aquat Bot 79: 235–255
Valentine JF and Heck KL (1999) Seagrass herbivory: Evidence
for the continued grazing of marine grasses. Mar Ecol Prog
Ser 176: 291–302
Valiela I (1995) Marine Ecological Processes, 2nd Ed. Springer,
New York
Valiela I and Cole ML (2002) Comparative evidence that salt
marshes and mangroves may protect seagrass meadows from
land-derived nitrogen loads. Ecosystems 5: 92–102
van Katwijk MM, Vergeer LHT, Schmitz GHW and Roelofs JGM
(1997) Ammonium toxicity in eelgrass Zostera marina. Mar
Ecol Prog Ser 157: 159–173
Velimirov B (1984) Grazing ofSalpa salpa L. on Posidonia oceanica and utilization of soluble compounds. In:
Boudouresque CF, Jeudy de Grissac A and Olivier J (eds)
International Workshop on Posidonia oceanica Beds, pp 381–
387. GIS Posidonie 1, Marseille
Vogt KA, Publicover DA, Bloomfield J, Perez JM, Vogt DJ and
Silver WL (1993) Belowground responses as indicators of
environmental change. Environ Exp Bot 33: 189–205
Walker DI and McComb AJ (1985) Decomposition of leaves
from Amphibolis antarctica (Labill.) Sonder et Aschers.
and Posidonia australis Hook. f., the major seagrass species
of Shark Bay, Western Australia. Bot Mar 28: 407–413