Chapter 7 Carbon Flux in Seagrasses
191
P´ erez M and Camp J (1986) Distribuci´ on espacial y biomasa
de las faner´ ogamas marinas de las bah´ ıas del delta del Ebro.
Invest Pesqueras 504: 519–530
P´ erez M, Mateo MA, Alcoverro T and Romero J (2001) Variability in detritus stocks in beds of the seagrass Cymodocea
nodosa. Bot Mar 44: 523–531
P´ erez M and Romero J (1994) Growth dynamics, production
and nutrient status of the seagrass Cymodocea nodosa in a
Mediterranean semi-estuarine environment. PSZNI Mar Ecol
15: 51–64
Pergent G (1987) Recherches l´ epidochronologiques chez
Posidonia oceanica (Potamogetonaceae). Fluctuacions des
param` etres anatomiques et morphologiques des ´
ecailles des
rhizomes. PhD Thesis, Universit´ e Aix-Marseille II
Pergent G, Romero J, Pergent-Martini C, Mateo MA and
Boudouresque CF (1994) Primary production, stocks and
fluxes in the Mediterranean seagrass Posidonia oceanica. Mar
Ecol Prog Ser 106: 139–146
Peterson BJ, Deegan L, Helfrich J, Hobbie JE, Hullar M, Bernie
M, Ford TE, Hershey A and Hiltner A (1993) Biological responses of a tundra river to fertilization. Ecology 74: 653–672
Peterson BJ, Howarth RW and Garritt RH (1985) Multiple stable
isotopes used to trace the flow of organic matter in estuarine
food webs. Science 227: 1361–1363
Petersen CGJ (1914) Om Baendeltangens (Zostera marina)
Aars-produktion i de denaske Farvande [in Danish, English
summary], No. 9. In: Jungersen FE and Warming JEB (eds)
Mindeskrift i Anledning af Hundredaaret for Japetus Steenstrups Fodsel, p 20. B. Lunos Bogtrykkeri, Copenhagen
Pirc H (1986) Seasonal aspects of photosynthesis in Posidonia
oceanica: Influence of depth, temperature and light intensity.
Aquat Bot 26: 203–212
Pirc H (1989) Seasonal changes in soluble carbohydrates, starch
and energy content in Mediterranean seagrasses. Mar Ecol 10:
97–106
Pollard PC and Kogure K (1993) The role of epiphytic and
epibenthic algae to the primary production of a tropical seagrass bed. Aust J Mar Freshw Res 44: 141–154
Preen A (1995) Impacts of dugong foraging on seagrass habitats: Observational and experimental evidence for cultivation
grazing. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 124: 201–213
Ralph PJ, Gademann R and Dennison WC (1998) In situ seagrass photosynthesis measured using a submersible, pulseamplitude and modulated fluorometer. Mar Biol 132: 367–
373
Robbins CT, Hanley TA, Hagerman AE, Hjeljord O, Baker DL,
Schwartz CC and Mautz WW (1987) Role of tannins in defending plants against ruminants: Reduction in protein availability. Ecology 68: 98–107
Romero J, P´ erez M, Mateo MA and Sala E (1994) The
below-ground organs of the Mediterranean seagrass Posidonia
oceanica as a biogeochemical sink. Aquat Bot 47: 13–19
Romero J, Pergent G, Pergent-Martini C, Mateo MA and Regnier C (1992) The detritic compartment in a Posidonia oceanica meadow: Litter features, decomposition rates and mineral
stocks. PSZNI Mar Ecol 13: 69–83
Rose CD, Sharp WC, Kenworthy WJ, Hunt JH, Lyons WG,
Prager EJ, Valentine JF, Hall MO, Whitfield PE and Fourqurean
JW (1999) Overgrazing of a large seagrass bed by the sea
urchin Lytechinus variegatus in Outer Florida Bay. Mar Ecol
Prog Ser 190: 211–222
Roth IG and Hayasaka SS (1984) Seasonal distribution and partial characterization of anaerobic cellulolytic bacteria associated with North Carolina Zostera marina seagrass bed sediment. Bot Mar 27: 203–210
Sala E (1997) The role of fishes in the organization of a Mediterranean sublittoral community. 2: Epifaunal communities. J Environ Mar Biol Ecol 212: 45–60
Sala E, Ribes M, Hereu B, Zabala M, Alva V, Coma R and
Garrabou J (1998) Temporal variability in abundance of the
sea urchins Paracentrotus lividus and Arbacia lixula in the
northwestern Mediterranean: Comparison between a marine
reserve and an unprotected area. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 168: 135–
145
Sand-Jensen K and Borum J (1983) Regulation of growth of
eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) in Danish coastal waters. Mar
Technol Soc J 17: 15–21
Shepherd SA (1987) Grazing by the sea-urchin Paracentrotus
lividus in Posidonia oceanica beds at Banyuls, France. In:
Boudouresque CF (ed) Colloque International sur Paracentrotus lividus et les Oursins Comestibles, pp 83–96. GIS Posidonie, Marseille
Shepherd SA and Sprigg RC (1976) Substrate, sediments and
subtidal ecology of Gulf St Vincent. Dep Agric Fisheries 5:
161–174
Short FT and Burdick DM (1996) Quantifying eelgrass habitat loss in relation to housing development and nitrogen
loading in Waquoit Bay, Massachusetts. Estuaries 19: 730–
739
Short FT and Coles RG (eds) (2001) Global Seagrass Research
Methods (1st edition). Elsevier, New York, USA
Simenstad CA and Wissmar RC (1985) Delta 13-C evidence
of the origins and fates of organic carbon in estuarine
and nearshore food webs. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 22: 141–
152
Smith SV (1981) Marine macrophytes as a global carbon sink.
Science 211: 838–840
Smith SV and Hollibaugh JT (1997) Annual cycle and interannual variability of ecosystem metabolism in a temperate
climate embayment. Ecol Monogr 67: 509–533
Stapel J, Hemminga MA, Bogert CG and Maas YEM (2001) Nitrogen (
15 N) retention in small Thalassia hemprichii seagrass
plots in an offshore meadow in South Sulawesi, Indonesia.
Limnol Oceanogr 46: 24–37
Stapel J, Nijboer R and Philipsen B (1996) Initial estimates of
the export of leaf litter from a seagrass bed in the Spermonde
archipielago, south Sulawesi, Indonesia. In: Kuo J, Philips LC,
Walker DI and Kirkman H (eds) Seagrass Biology. Proceedings of an International Workshop, pp 155–162. Rottnest Island, Western Australia
Sterner RW and Elser JJ (2002) Ecological Stoichiometry: The
Biology of Elements from Molecules to the Biosphere. Princeton University Press, Princeton, USA
Stevenson JC (1988) Comparative ecology of submersed grass
beds in freshwater, estuarine and marine environments. Limnol Oceanogr 33: 867–893
Stumm W and Morgan JJ (1981) Aquatic Chemistry. An Introduction Emphasizing Chemical Equilibria in Natural Waters.
John Wiley & Sons, New York
Swift MJ, Heal OW and Anderson JM (1979) Decomposition in
Terrestrial Ecosystems. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles
191
P´ erez M and Camp J (1986) Distribuci´ on espacial y biomasa
de las faner´ ogamas marinas de las bah´ ıas del delta del Ebro.
Invest Pesqueras 504: 519–530
P´ erez M, Mateo MA, Alcoverro T and Romero J (2001) Variability in detritus stocks in beds of the seagrass Cymodocea
nodosa. Bot Mar 44: 523–531
P´ erez M and Romero J (1994) Growth dynamics, production
and nutrient status of the seagrass Cymodocea nodosa in a
Mediterranean semi-estuarine environment. PSZNI Mar Ecol
15: 51–64
Pergent G (1987) Recherches l´ epidochronologiques chez
Posidonia oceanica (Potamogetonaceae). Fluctuacions des
param` etres anatomiques et morphologiques des ´
ecailles des
rhizomes. PhD Thesis, Universit´ e Aix-Marseille II
Pergent G, Romero J, Pergent-Martini C, Mateo MA and
Boudouresque CF (1994) Primary production, stocks and
fluxes in the Mediterranean seagrass Posidonia oceanica. Mar
Ecol Prog Ser 106: 139–146
Peterson BJ, Deegan L, Helfrich J, Hobbie JE, Hullar M, Bernie
M, Ford TE, Hershey A and Hiltner A (1993) Biological responses of a tundra river to fertilization. Ecology 74: 653–672
Peterson BJ, Howarth RW and Garritt RH (1985) Multiple stable
isotopes used to trace the flow of organic matter in estuarine
food webs. Science 227: 1361–1363
Petersen CGJ (1914) Om Baendeltangens (Zostera marina)
Aars-produktion i de denaske Farvande [in Danish, English
summary], No. 9. In: Jungersen FE and Warming JEB (eds)
Mindeskrift i Anledning af Hundredaaret for Japetus Steenstrups Fodsel, p 20. B. Lunos Bogtrykkeri, Copenhagen
Pirc H (1986) Seasonal aspects of photosynthesis in Posidonia
oceanica: Influence of depth, temperature and light intensity.
Aquat Bot 26: 203–212
Pirc H (1989) Seasonal changes in soluble carbohydrates, starch
and energy content in Mediterranean seagrasses. Mar Ecol 10:
97–106
Pollard PC and Kogure K (1993) The role of epiphytic and
epibenthic algae to the primary production of a tropical seagrass bed. Aust J Mar Freshw Res 44: 141–154
Preen A (1995) Impacts of dugong foraging on seagrass habitats: Observational and experimental evidence for cultivation
grazing. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 124: 201–213
Ralph PJ, Gademann R and Dennison WC (1998) In situ seagrass photosynthesis measured using a submersible, pulseamplitude and modulated fluorometer. Mar Biol 132: 367–
373
Robbins CT, Hanley TA, Hagerman AE, Hjeljord O, Baker DL,
Schwartz CC and Mautz WW (1987) Role of tannins in defending plants against ruminants: Reduction in protein availability. Ecology 68: 98–107
Romero J, P´ erez M, Mateo MA and Sala E (1994) The
below-ground organs of the Mediterranean seagrass Posidonia
oceanica as a biogeochemical sink. Aquat Bot 47: 13–19
Romero J, Pergent G, Pergent-Martini C, Mateo MA and Regnier C (1992) The detritic compartment in a Posidonia oceanica meadow: Litter features, decomposition rates and mineral
stocks. PSZNI Mar Ecol 13: 69–83
Rose CD, Sharp WC, Kenworthy WJ, Hunt JH, Lyons WG,
Prager EJ, Valentine JF, Hall MO, Whitfield PE and Fourqurean
JW (1999) Overgrazing of a large seagrass bed by the sea
urchin Lytechinus variegatus in Outer Florida Bay. Mar Ecol
Prog Ser 190: 211–222
Roth IG and Hayasaka SS (1984) Seasonal distribution and partial characterization of anaerobic cellulolytic bacteria associated with North Carolina Zostera marina seagrass bed sediment. Bot Mar 27: 203–210
Sala E (1997) The role of fishes in the organization of a Mediterranean sublittoral community. 2: Epifaunal communities. J Environ Mar Biol Ecol 212: 45–60
Sala E, Ribes M, Hereu B, Zabala M, Alva V, Coma R and
Garrabou J (1998) Temporal variability in abundance of the
sea urchins Paracentrotus lividus and Arbacia lixula in the
northwestern Mediterranean: Comparison between a marine
reserve and an unprotected area. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 168: 135–
145
Sand-Jensen K and Borum J (1983) Regulation of growth of
eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) in Danish coastal waters. Mar
Technol Soc J 17: 15–21
Shepherd SA (1987) Grazing by the sea-urchin Paracentrotus
lividus in Posidonia oceanica beds at Banyuls, France. In:
Boudouresque CF (ed) Colloque International sur Paracentrotus lividus et les Oursins Comestibles, pp 83–96. GIS Posidonie, Marseille
Shepherd SA and Sprigg RC (1976) Substrate, sediments and
subtidal ecology of Gulf St Vincent. Dep Agric Fisheries 5:
161–174
Short FT and Burdick DM (1996) Quantifying eelgrass habitat loss in relation to housing development and nitrogen
loading in Waquoit Bay, Massachusetts. Estuaries 19: 730–
739
Short FT and Coles RG (eds) (2001) Global Seagrass Research
Methods (1st edition). Elsevier, New York, USA
Simenstad CA and Wissmar RC (1985) Delta 13-C evidence
of the origins and fates of organic carbon in estuarine
and nearshore food webs. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 22: 141–
152
Smith SV (1981) Marine macrophytes as a global carbon sink.
Science 211: 838–840
Smith SV and Hollibaugh JT (1997) Annual cycle and interannual variability of ecosystem metabolism in a temperate
climate embayment. Ecol Monogr 67: 509–533
Stapel J, Hemminga MA, Bogert CG and Maas YEM (2001) Nitrogen (
15 N) retention in small Thalassia hemprichii seagrass
plots in an offshore meadow in South Sulawesi, Indonesia.
Limnol Oceanogr 46: 24–37
Stapel J, Nijboer R and Philipsen B (1996) Initial estimates of
the export of leaf litter from a seagrass bed in the Spermonde
archipielago, south Sulawesi, Indonesia. In: Kuo J, Philips LC,
Walker DI and Kirkman H (eds) Seagrass Biology. Proceedings of an International Workshop, pp 155–162. Rottnest Island, Western Australia
Sterner RW and Elser JJ (2002) Ecological Stoichiometry: The
Biology of Elements from Molecules to the Biosphere. Princeton University Press, Princeton, USA
Stevenson JC (1988) Comparative ecology of submersed grass
beds in freshwater, estuarine and marine environments. Limnol Oceanogr 33: 867–893
Stumm W and Morgan JJ (1981) Aquatic Chemistry. An Introduction Emphasizing Chemical Equilibria in Natural Waters.
John Wiley & Sons, New York
Swift MJ, Heal OW and Anderson JM (1979) Decomposition in
Terrestrial Ecosystems. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles