Environmental and Human Pathogenic
Microorganisms
15
Philippe Lebaron, Benoit Cournoyer, Karine Lemarchand,
Sylvie Nazaret, and Pierre Servais
Abstract
As the study of interactions between pathogenic microorganisms and their environment is
part of microbial ecology, this chapter reviews the different types of human pathogens
found in the environment, the different types of fecal indicators used in water quality
monitoring, the biotic and abiotic factors affecting the survival and the infectivity of
pathogenic microorganisms during their transportation in the environment, and the
methods presently available to detect rare microorganisms in environmental samples.
This chapter exclusively focuses on human pathogens.
Keywords
Pathogens Wastewater treatment plant Dissemination Antibiotic resistance Environmental reservoirs Toxins Sanitary microbiology Biological pollution
Abbreviations
AIDS
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
BOD
Biological oxygen demand
CSO
Combined sewer overflow
HAV
Hepatitis A virus
HEV
Hepatitis E virus
GI
Genomic islands
ID50
The dose of an infectious organism required to
produce infection in 50 % of the experimental
subjects
Ig
Immunoglobulin
IS
Insertion sequence
LPS
Lipopolysaccharide
MID
Minimal infectious dose
OECD
Organization for Economic Co-operation and
Development
PAI
Pathogenicity islands
SS
Suspended solids
IPCC
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
VNC
Viable but non-culturable
WWTP Wastewater treatment plant
P. Lebaron* (*)
Observatoire Oce ´anologique de Banyuls, Laboratoire de
Biodiversite ´ et Biotechnologie Microbiennes (LBBM), Sorbonne
Universite ´s, UPMC Univ Paris 06, USR CNRS 3579, 66650
Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
e-mail: lebaron@obs-banyuls.fr
K. Lemarchand
Laboratoire de Bacte ´riologie marine et E ´ cotoxicologie microbienne,
Institut des sciences de la mer de Rimouski, Rimouski,
QC G5M1E1, Canada
B. Cournoyer S. Nazaret
Microbial Ecology Center, UMR CNRS 5557 / USC INRA 1364,
Universite ´ Lyon 1, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
P. Servais
Laboratoire d’E ´ cologie des Syste `mes Aquatiques (ESA), Universite ´
Libre de Bruxelles, Campus de la Plaine, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
* Chapter Coordinator
J.-C. Bertrand et al. (eds.), Environmental Microbiology: Fundamentals and Applications: Microbial Ecology,
DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-9118-2_15, # Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2015
619
Microorganisms
15
Philippe Lebaron, Benoit Cournoyer, Karine Lemarchand,
Sylvie Nazaret, and Pierre Servais
Abstract
As the study of interactions between pathogenic microorganisms and their environment is
part of microbial ecology, this chapter reviews the different types of human pathogens
found in the environment, the different types of fecal indicators used in water quality
monitoring, the biotic and abiotic factors affecting the survival and the infectivity of
pathogenic microorganisms during their transportation in the environment, and the
methods presently available to detect rare microorganisms in environmental samples.
This chapter exclusively focuses on human pathogens.
Keywords
Pathogens Wastewater treatment plant Dissemination Antibiotic resistance Environmental reservoirs Toxins Sanitary microbiology Biological pollution
Abbreviations
AIDS
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
BOD
Biological oxygen demand
CSO
Combined sewer overflow
HAV
Hepatitis A virus
HEV
Hepatitis E virus
GI
Genomic islands
ID50
The dose of an infectious organism required to
produce infection in 50 % of the experimental
subjects
Ig
Immunoglobulin
IS
Insertion sequence
LPS
Lipopolysaccharide
MID
Minimal infectious dose
OECD
Organization for Economic Co-operation and
Development
PAI
Pathogenicity islands
SS
Suspended solids
IPCC
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
VNC
Viable but non-culturable
WWTP Wastewater treatment plant
P. Lebaron* (*)
Observatoire Oce ´anologique de Banyuls, Laboratoire de
Biodiversite ´ et Biotechnologie Microbiennes (LBBM), Sorbonne
Universite ´s, UPMC Univ Paris 06, USR CNRS 3579, 66650
Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
e-mail: lebaron@obs-banyuls.fr
K. Lemarchand
Laboratoire de Bacte ´riologie marine et E ´ cotoxicologie microbienne,
Institut des sciences de la mer de Rimouski, Rimouski,
QC G5M1E1, Canada
B. Cournoyer S. Nazaret
Microbial Ecology Center, UMR CNRS 5557 / USC INRA 1364,
Universite ´ Lyon 1, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
P. Servais
Laboratoire d’E ´ cologie des Syste `mes Aquatiques (ESA), Universite ´
Libre de Bruxelles, Campus de la Plaine, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
* Chapter Coordinator
J.-C. Bertrand et al. (eds.), Environmental Microbiology: Fundamentals and Applications: Microbial Ecology,
DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-9118-2_15, # Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2015
619