Kvenvolden KA, Rogers B (2005) Gaia’s breathglobal methane
exhallations. Mar Petrol Geol 22:579–590
Laughlin RJ, Stevens RJ (2002) Evidence for fungal dominance of
denitrification and codenitrification in a grassland soil. Soil Sci
66:1540–1548
Lavelle P (2002) Functional domains in soils. Ecol Res 17:441–450
Lavelle P, Spain AV (2001) Soil ecology. Kluwer Academic,
Dordrecht/Boston/London
Lavelle P, Bignell D, Lepage M, Wolters V, Roger P, Ineson P, Heal
OW, Dhillion S (1997) Soil function in a changing world: the role of
invertebrate ecosystem engineers. Eur J Soil Biol 33:159–193
Lehours A-C, Carrias J-F, Amblard C, Sime-Ngando T, Fonty G (2010)
les bacte ´ries du Lac Pavin. Pour la Science 387:30–35
Lelieveld J, Crutzen PJ, Dentener FJ (1998) Changing concentration,
lifetime and climate forcing of atmospheric methane. Tellus
50B:128–150
Lemaitre C, Pe ´be `re N, Festy D (1994) Biode ´te ´rioration des mate ´riaux.
EDP Sciences, Les Ulis
Lomans BP, van der Drift C, Pol A, Op den Camp HJM (2002)
Microbial cycling of volatile organic sulfur compounds. Cell Mol
Life Sci 59:575–588
Lovley DR (1991) Dissimilatory Fe(III) and Mn (IV) reduction.
Microbiol Rev 55:259–287
Lovley DR (2006) Dissimilatory Fe(III)- and Mn(IV)- reducing
prokaryotes. In: Dworkin M, Falkow S, Rosenberg E, Schleifer
KH, Stackebrandt E (eds) The prokaryotes. Springer, New York,
pp 635–658
Lovley DR, Holmes DE, Nevin KP (2004) Dissimilatory Fe(III) and
Mn(Iv) reduction. Adv Microbiol Physiol 49:219–286
Lynd LR, Weimer PJ, van Zyl WH, Pretorius IS (2002) Microbial
cellulose utilization: fundamentals and biotechnology. Microbiol
Mol Biol Rev 66:506–577
Macdonald GJ (1990) Role of methane clathrates in past and future
climates. Clim Change 16:247–281
Macfarlane GT, Gibson GR (1994) Metabolic activities of the normal
colonic flora. In: Gibson SAW (ed) Human health. The contribution
of microorganisms. Springer, London, pp 17–52
Madsen EL (2011) Microorganisms and their roles in fundamental
biogeochemical cycles. Curr Opin Biotechnol 22:456–464
Maier RM, Pepper IL, Gerba CP (2000) Environmental microbiology.
Academic, San Diego
Majeed MZ et al (2013) Emissions of nitrous oxide from casts of
tropical earthworms belonging to different ecological categories.
Pedobiologia 56:49–58
Marland G, Boden TA, Andres RJ (2003) Global, regional, and national
CO 2 emissions. In: Trends: a compendium of data on global change.
Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National
Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge
Martinez RJ, Mills HJ, Story S, Sobecky PA (2006) Prokaryotic diversity and metabolically active microbial populations in sediments
from an active mud volcano in the Gulf of Mexico. Environ
Microbiol 8:1783–1796
Master Y, Shavit U, Shaviv A (2005) Modified isotope pairing technique to study N transformations in polluted aquatic systems: theory. Environ Sci Technol 39:1749–1756
Michaelis W et al (2002) Microbial reefs in the Black Sea fueled by
anaerobic oxidation of methane. Science 297:1013–1015
Miller TL, Wolin MJ (1986) Methanogens in human and animal intestinal tracts. Syst Appl Microbiol 7:223–229
Mills MMC, Ridame MT, Davey J, La Roche R, Geider J (2005) Iron
and phophorus co-limit nitrogen fixation in the eastern tropical
North Atlantic. Nature 435:292–294
Milucka J et al (2012) Zero-valent sulphur is a key intermediate in
marine methane oxidation. Nature 491:541–546
Minjeaud L, Bonin PC, Michotey VD (2008) Nitrogen fluxes from
marine sediments: quantification of the associated co-occurring
bacterial processes. Biogeochemistry 90:141–157
Mitchell P (1961) Coupling of phosphorylation to e ´lectron and hydrogen
transfer by chemi-osmotic type of mechanism. Nature 191:144–148
Moran JJ, Beal EJ, Vrentas JM, Orphan VJ, Freeman KH, House CH
(2008) Methyl sulfides as intermediates in the anaerobic oxidation
of methane. Environ Microbiol 10:162–173
Morel A, Gentili B, Claustre H, Babin M, Bricaud A, Ras J, Tieche F
(2007) Optical properties of the “clearest” natural waters. Limnol
Oceanogr 52:217–229
Morel FMM, Kustka AB, Shaked Y (2008) The role of unchelated Fe in
the iron nutrition of phytoplankton. Limnol Oceanogr 53:400–404
Moutin T (2000) Cycle bioge ´ochimique du phosphate: ro ˆle dans le
contro ˆle de la production planctonique et conse ´quences sur
l’exportation de carbone de la couche e ´claire ´e vers l’oce ´an profond.
Oce ´anis 36:643–660
Moutin T, Karl DM, Duhamel S, Rimmelin P, Raimbault P, van Mooy
BAS, Claustre H (2008) Phosphate availability and the ultimate
control of new nitrogen input by nitrogen fixation in the tropical
Pacific Ocean. Biogeosciences 5:95–109
Moutin T, van Wambeke F, Prieur L (2012) Introduction to the biogeochemistry from the oligotrophic to the ultraoligotrophic mediterranean (BOUM) experiment. Biogeosciences 9:3817–3825
Mulder A, Vandegraaf AA, Robertson LA, Kuenen JG (1995) Anaerobic ammonium oxidation discovered in a denitrifying fluidized-bed
reactor. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 16:177–183
Nauhaus K, Albrecht M, Elvert M, Boetius A, Widdel F (2007) In vitro
cell growth of marine archaeal-bacterial consortia during anaerobic
oxidation of methane with sulphate. Environ Microbiol 9:187–196
Nealson KH, Myers CR (1992) Microbial reduction of manganese and
iron: new approches to carbon cycling. Appl Environ Microbiol
58:439–443
Nicol GW, Schleper C (2006) Ammonia-oxidising Crenarchaeota:
important players in the nitrogen cycle? Trends Microbiol
14:207–212
Nielsen LP (1992) Denitrification in sediment determined from nitrogen isotope pairing. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 86:357–362
Ollivier B, Caumette P, Garcia JL, Mah RA (1994) Anaerobic bacteria
from hypersaline environments. Microbiol Rev 58:27–38
Oremland RS, Stolz JF (2003) The ecology of arsenic. Science
300:939–944
Orphan VJ, House CH, Hinrichs K-U, McKeegan KD, DeLong EF
(2001) Methane-consuming archaea revealed by directly coupled
isotopic and phylogenetic analysis. Science 293:484–487
Overmann J, Garcia-Pichel F (2006) The phototrophic way of life. In:
Dworkin M, Falkow S, Rosenberg E, Schleifer KH, Stackebrandt E
(eds) The prokaryotes. Springer, New York, pp 32–85
Overmann J, Cypionka H, Pfennig N (1992) An extremely low-lightadapted phototrophic sulfur bacterium from the Black Sea. Limnol
Oceanogr 37:150–155
Pancost RD, Sinninghe Damste ´ JS (2003) Carbon isotopic
compositions of prokaryotic lipids as tracers of carbon cycling in
diverse settings. Chem Geol 195:29–58
Parkin TB, Brock TD (1981) The role of phototrophic bacteria in the
sulfur cycle of a meromictic lake. Limnol Oceanogr 26:880–890
Parks JM et al (2013) The genetic basis for bacterial mercury methylation. Science 339:1332–1335
Parsons TR, Takahashi M, Hargrave BT (1984) Biological oceanographic processes. Pergamon Press, Oxford
Pedersen H, Dunkin KA, Firestone MK (2002) The relative importance
of autotrophic and heterotrophic nitrification in a conifer forest soil
as measured by 15N tracer and pool dilution techniques. Biogeochemistry 44:135–150
14 Biogeochemical Cycles
615
exhallations. Mar Petrol Geol 22:579–590
Laughlin RJ, Stevens RJ (2002) Evidence for fungal dominance of
denitrification and codenitrification in a grassland soil. Soil Sci
66:1540–1548
Lavelle P (2002) Functional domains in soils. Ecol Res 17:441–450
Lavelle P, Spain AV (2001) Soil ecology. Kluwer Academic,
Dordrecht/Boston/London
Lavelle P, Bignell D, Lepage M, Wolters V, Roger P, Ineson P, Heal
OW, Dhillion S (1997) Soil function in a changing world: the role of
invertebrate ecosystem engineers. Eur J Soil Biol 33:159–193
Lehours A-C, Carrias J-F, Amblard C, Sime-Ngando T, Fonty G (2010)
les bacte ´ries du Lac Pavin. Pour la Science 387:30–35
Lelieveld J, Crutzen PJ, Dentener FJ (1998) Changing concentration,
lifetime and climate forcing of atmospheric methane. Tellus
50B:128–150
Lemaitre C, Pe ´be `re N, Festy D (1994) Biode ´te ´rioration des mate ´riaux.
EDP Sciences, Les Ulis
Lomans BP, van der Drift C, Pol A, Op den Camp HJM (2002)
Microbial cycling of volatile organic sulfur compounds. Cell Mol
Life Sci 59:575–588
Lovley DR (1991) Dissimilatory Fe(III) and Mn (IV) reduction.
Microbiol Rev 55:259–287
Lovley DR (2006) Dissimilatory Fe(III)- and Mn(IV)- reducing
prokaryotes. In: Dworkin M, Falkow S, Rosenberg E, Schleifer
KH, Stackebrandt E (eds) The prokaryotes. Springer, New York,
pp 635–658
Lovley DR, Holmes DE, Nevin KP (2004) Dissimilatory Fe(III) and
Mn(Iv) reduction. Adv Microbiol Physiol 49:219–286
Lynd LR, Weimer PJ, van Zyl WH, Pretorius IS (2002) Microbial
cellulose utilization: fundamentals and biotechnology. Microbiol
Mol Biol Rev 66:506–577
Macdonald GJ (1990) Role of methane clathrates in past and future
climates. Clim Change 16:247–281
Macfarlane GT, Gibson GR (1994) Metabolic activities of the normal
colonic flora. In: Gibson SAW (ed) Human health. The contribution
of microorganisms. Springer, London, pp 17–52
Madsen EL (2011) Microorganisms and their roles in fundamental
biogeochemical cycles. Curr Opin Biotechnol 22:456–464
Maier RM, Pepper IL, Gerba CP (2000) Environmental microbiology.
Academic, San Diego
Majeed MZ et al (2013) Emissions of nitrous oxide from casts of
tropical earthworms belonging to different ecological categories.
Pedobiologia 56:49–58
Marland G, Boden TA, Andres RJ (2003) Global, regional, and national
CO 2 emissions. In: Trends: a compendium of data on global change.
Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National
Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge
Martinez RJ, Mills HJ, Story S, Sobecky PA (2006) Prokaryotic diversity and metabolically active microbial populations in sediments
from an active mud volcano in the Gulf of Mexico. Environ
Microbiol 8:1783–1796
Master Y, Shavit U, Shaviv A (2005) Modified isotope pairing technique to study N transformations in polluted aquatic systems: theory. Environ Sci Technol 39:1749–1756
Michaelis W et al (2002) Microbial reefs in the Black Sea fueled by
anaerobic oxidation of methane. Science 297:1013–1015
Miller TL, Wolin MJ (1986) Methanogens in human and animal intestinal tracts. Syst Appl Microbiol 7:223–229
Mills MMC, Ridame MT, Davey J, La Roche R, Geider J (2005) Iron
and phophorus co-limit nitrogen fixation in the eastern tropical
North Atlantic. Nature 435:292–294
Milucka J et al (2012) Zero-valent sulphur is a key intermediate in
marine methane oxidation. Nature 491:541–546
Minjeaud L, Bonin PC, Michotey VD (2008) Nitrogen fluxes from
marine sediments: quantification of the associated co-occurring
bacterial processes. Biogeochemistry 90:141–157
Mitchell P (1961) Coupling of phosphorylation to e ´lectron and hydrogen
transfer by chemi-osmotic type of mechanism. Nature 191:144–148
Moran JJ, Beal EJ, Vrentas JM, Orphan VJ, Freeman KH, House CH
(2008) Methyl sulfides as intermediates in the anaerobic oxidation
of methane. Environ Microbiol 10:162–173
Morel A, Gentili B, Claustre H, Babin M, Bricaud A, Ras J, Tieche F
(2007) Optical properties of the “clearest” natural waters. Limnol
Oceanogr 52:217–229
Morel FMM, Kustka AB, Shaked Y (2008) The role of unchelated Fe in
the iron nutrition of phytoplankton. Limnol Oceanogr 53:400–404
Moutin T (2000) Cycle bioge ´ochimique du phosphate: ro ˆle dans le
contro ˆle de la production planctonique et conse ´quences sur
l’exportation de carbone de la couche e ´claire ´e vers l’oce ´an profond.
Oce ´anis 36:643–660
Moutin T, Karl DM, Duhamel S, Rimmelin P, Raimbault P, van Mooy
BAS, Claustre H (2008) Phosphate availability and the ultimate
control of new nitrogen input by nitrogen fixation in the tropical
Pacific Ocean. Biogeosciences 5:95–109
Moutin T, van Wambeke F, Prieur L (2012) Introduction to the biogeochemistry from the oligotrophic to the ultraoligotrophic mediterranean (BOUM) experiment. Biogeosciences 9:3817–3825
Mulder A, Vandegraaf AA, Robertson LA, Kuenen JG (1995) Anaerobic ammonium oxidation discovered in a denitrifying fluidized-bed
reactor. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 16:177–183
Nauhaus K, Albrecht M, Elvert M, Boetius A, Widdel F (2007) In vitro
cell growth of marine archaeal-bacterial consortia during anaerobic
oxidation of methane with sulphate. Environ Microbiol 9:187–196
Nealson KH, Myers CR (1992) Microbial reduction of manganese and
iron: new approches to carbon cycling. Appl Environ Microbiol
58:439–443
Nicol GW, Schleper C (2006) Ammonia-oxidising Crenarchaeota:
important players in the nitrogen cycle? Trends Microbiol
14:207–212
Nielsen LP (1992) Denitrification in sediment determined from nitrogen isotope pairing. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 86:357–362
Ollivier B, Caumette P, Garcia JL, Mah RA (1994) Anaerobic bacteria
from hypersaline environments. Microbiol Rev 58:27–38
Oremland RS, Stolz JF (2003) The ecology of arsenic. Science
300:939–944
Orphan VJ, House CH, Hinrichs K-U, McKeegan KD, DeLong EF
(2001) Methane-consuming archaea revealed by directly coupled
isotopic and phylogenetic analysis. Science 293:484–487
Overmann J, Garcia-Pichel F (2006) The phototrophic way of life. In:
Dworkin M, Falkow S, Rosenberg E, Schleifer KH, Stackebrandt E
(eds) The prokaryotes. Springer, New York, pp 32–85
Overmann J, Cypionka H, Pfennig N (1992) An extremely low-lightadapted phototrophic sulfur bacterium from the Black Sea. Limnol
Oceanogr 37:150–155
Pancost RD, Sinninghe Damste ´ JS (2003) Carbon isotopic
compositions of prokaryotic lipids as tracers of carbon cycling in
diverse settings. Chem Geol 195:29–58
Parkin TB, Brock TD (1981) The role of phototrophic bacteria in the
sulfur cycle of a meromictic lake. Limnol Oceanogr 26:880–890
Parks JM et al (2013) The genetic basis for bacterial mercury methylation. Science 339:1332–1335
Parsons TR, Takahashi M, Hargrave BT (1984) Biological oceanographic processes. Pergamon Press, Oxford
Pedersen H, Dunkin KA, Firestone MK (2002) The relative importance
of autotrophic and heterotrophic nitrification in a conifer forest soil
as measured by 15N tracer and pool dilution techniques. Biogeochemistry 44:135–150
14 Biogeochemical Cycles
615