exchanges between microbial ecologists using Internet
forums, with a scientific periodical (ISME Journal, which
is a monthly magazine with articles of microbial ecology and
information on ISME) and especially with symposia that
have taken place every third year from 1977 to 2004 and
have been held every second year since 2004. Thus, the 14
symposia held since 1977 have brought together about
1,500–2,000 participants who have found opportunities for
exchange, interaction, or cooperation in the field of microbial ecology at the global level.
Many national associations have as a function to encourage exchanges between members and organize meetings.
This is the case of the ASM (American Society for Microbiology) founded in 1899, the SGM (Society for General
Microbiology) founded in 1945, the CSM (Canadian Society
for Microbiology) founded in 1952, the CSM (Chinese Society for Microbiology) founded in 1952, the SFM (French
Society of Microbiology) founded in 1937, and the AFEM
(Association Francophone d’E ´ cologie Microbienne) founded
in 2004.
References
Atlas R, Bartha R (1998) Microbial ecology, fundamental and
applications, 4th edn. Addison Wesley Longman, Reading
Beijerinck MW (1888) Die Bacterien der Papilionaceen-Kno ¨llchen.
Bot Ztg 46:725–735
Beijerinck WM (1895) €
Uber Spirillum desulfuricans als Ursache von
Sulfat-reduktion. Zentralbl Bakteriol Abt L 1–9:104–114
Bianchi M, Marty D, Bertrand J-C, Caumette P, Gauthier M (1989)
Micro-organismes dans les e ´cosyste `mes oce ´aniques. Masson, Paris
Cagniard de La Tour C (1838) Me ´moire sur la fermentation vineuse.
Ann Chim Phys 68:206–222
Cananaugh CM, Gardiner SL, Jones ML, Jannasch HW, Waterbury JB
(1981) Procaryotics cells in the hydrothermal vent tube worm Riftia
pachyptila Jones: possible chemoautotrophic symbionts. Science
213:340–341
Chaiyanan S, Huq A, Maugel T, Colwell RR (2001) Viability of the
nonculturable Vibrio cholerae O1 and O139. Syst Appl Microbiol
24:331–341
Cohen Y, Krumbein WE, Shilo M (1977) Solar Lake (Sinai). Distribution of photosynthetic microorganisms. Limnol Oceanogr
22:609–620
Cohn F (1876) Untersuchungen uber Bakterien IV. Beitrage zur
Biologie der Bacillen. Beitr Biol Pflanzen 2:249–276
Colwell RR, Morita RY (1974) The effects of the ocean environment
on microbial activities. University Park Press, Baltimore
d’He ´relle F (1921) Le Bacte ´riophage: Son ro ˆle dans l’Immunite ´.
Masson, Paris, 227 p
de Saussure NT (1804) Recherches chimiques sur la ve ´ge ´tation. Vve
Nyon, Paris, 327 p
Degrange V, Bardin R (1995) Detection and counting of Nitrobacter
populations in soil by PCR. Appl Environ Microbiol 61:2093–2098
Deherain PP (1897) La re ´duction des nitrates dans la terre arable. C R
Acad Sci Paris 124:269–273
Diem H, Gauthier D, Dommergues Y (1983) An effective strain of
Frankia from Casuarina sp. Can J Bot 61:2815–2821
Dobell C (1923) A protozoological bicentenary: Antony van
Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723) and Louis Joblot (1645–1723). Parasitology 15:308–319
Dommergues Y, Mangenot F (1970) E ´ cologie microbienne du sol.
Masson, Paris
Ducluzeau R, Raibaud P (1979) E ´ cologie microbienne du tube digestif.
INRA and Masson, Paris
Fenchel T, Blackburn H (1979) Bacteria and mineral cycling.
Academic Press, London
Fleming A (1929) On the antibacterial action of cultures of a Penicillium, with special reference to their use in the isolation of B.
influenzae. Br J Exp Pathol 10:226–236
Haeckel E (1866) Generelle Morphologie. I: Allgemeine Anatomie der
Organismen. II: Allgemeine Entwickelungsgeschichte der
Organismen. Reimer, Berlin
Hungate R (1966) The rumen and its microbes. Academic Press,
New York
Ivanovski D, Polovtsev VV (1890) Die Pockenkrankheit der
Tabakspflanze. Mem Acad Sci St Petersbourg Ser 7(37):1–24
Jannasch HW, Taylor CD (1984) Deep sea microbiology. Annu Rev
Microbiol 38:487–514
Jannasch HW, Wirsen CO, Winget CL (1973) A bacteriological
pressure-retaining deep-sea sampler and culture vessel. Deep-Sea
Res 20:661–664
Jannasch HW, Wirsen CO, Taylor CD (1982) Deep sea bacteria:
isolation in the absence of decompression. Science 216:1315–1317
Jannash HW, Wirsen CO, Doherty KM (1996) A pressurized chemostat
for the study of marine barophile and oligotrophic bacteria. Appl
Environ Microbiol 62:1593–1596
Jørgensen BB, Fenchel T (1974) The sulfur cycle of a marine sediment
model system. Mar Biol 24:189–201
Jørgensen BB, Revsbech NP, Blackburn TH, Cohen Y (1979) Diurnal
cycles of oxygen and sulphide microgradients and microbial photosynthesis in a cyanobacterial mat. Appl Environ Microbiol
38:46–58
Kaserer H (1906) Die oxydation des Wasserstoffs durch
Mikroorganismen. Zentralbl Bakteriol II Abt 16:681–696
Koch R (1882) Die Aetiologie der Tuberculose. Berl Klin Wochenschr
19:221–230
Koch R (1883) Ueber die neuen Untersuchungsmethoden zum
Nachweis der Mikroorganismen in Boden, Luft und Wasser.
Aerztliches Vereinsblatt fu ¨r Dtschl 237:244–250
Ku ¨tzing FT (1837) Microscopische Untersuchungen u ¨ber die Hefe und
Essigmutter, nebst mehreren andern dazu geho ¨rigen vegetabilischen
Gebilden. J Prakt Chem 11:385–409
Le Coustumier A (2010) Louis Joblot et ses microscopes. Bull Soc F
Microbiol 25:89–100
Le Gall J, Fauque G (1988) Dissimilatory reduction of sulfur
compounds. In: Zehnder AJB (ed) Biology of anaerobic
microorganisms. Wiley, New York, pp 587–640
Lechevalier H (1976) Louis Joblot and his microscopes. Bacteriol Rev
40:241–258
Madigan M, Martinko JM, Stahl D, Clark DP (2010) Brock: biology of
Microorganisms, 13th edn. Pearson Benjamin-Cummings, San
Francisco
Morita R (1975) Psychrophilic bacteria. Bacteriol Rev 39:144–167
Pasteur L (1857) Me ´moire sur la fermentation alcoolique. C R Acad Sci
Paris 45:1032–1036
Pasteur L (1860) Me ´moire sur la fermentation alcoolique. Ann Chim
Phys 58:323–426
Pfennig N, Widdel F, Tru ¨per HG (1981) The dissimilatory sulfatereducing bacteria. In: Starr MP, Stolp H, Tru ¨per HG, Balows A,
Schlegel HG (eds) The prokaryotes. Springer, Berlin, pp 926–940
Pochon J, De Barjac H (1958) Traite ´ de microbiologie du sol. Dunod,
Paris
2 Some Historical Elements of Microbial Ecology
23
forums, with a scientific periodical (ISME Journal, which
is a monthly magazine with articles of microbial ecology and
information on ISME) and especially with symposia that
have taken place every third year from 1977 to 2004 and
have been held every second year since 2004. Thus, the 14
symposia held since 1977 have brought together about
1,500–2,000 participants who have found opportunities for
exchange, interaction, or cooperation in the field of microbial ecology at the global level.
Many national associations have as a function to encourage exchanges between members and organize meetings.
This is the case of the ASM (American Society for Microbiology) founded in 1899, the SGM (Society for General
Microbiology) founded in 1945, the CSM (Canadian Society
for Microbiology) founded in 1952, the CSM (Chinese Society for Microbiology) founded in 1952, the SFM (French
Society of Microbiology) founded in 1937, and the AFEM
(Association Francophone d’E ´ cologie Microbienne) founded
in 2004.
References
Atlas R, Bartha R (1998) Microbial ecology, fundamental and
applications, 4th edn. Addison Wesley Longman, Reading
Beijerinck MW (1888) Die Bacterien der Papilionaceen-Kno ¨llchen.
Bot Ztg 46:725–735
Beijerinck WM (1895) €
Uber Spirillum desulfuricans als Ursache von
Sulfat-reduktion. Zentralbl Bakteriol Abt L 1–9:104–114
Bianchi M, Marty D, Bertrand J-C, Caumette P, Gauthier M (1989)
Micro-organismes dans les e ´cosyste `mes oce ´aniques. Masson, Paris
Cagniard de La Tour C (1838) Me ´moire sur la fermentation vineuse.
Ann Chim Phys 68:206–222
Cananaugh CM, Gardiner SL, Jones ML, Jannasch HW, Waterbury JB
(1981) Procaryotics cells in the hydrothermal vent tube worm Riftia
pachyptila Jones: possible chemoautotrophic symbionts. Science
213:340–341
Chaiyanan S, Huq A, Maugel T, Colwell RR (2001) Viability of the
nonculturable Vibrio cholerae O1 and O139. Syst Appl Microbiol
24:331–341
Cohen Y, Krumbein WE, Shilo M (1977) Solar Lake (Sinai). Distribution of photosynthetic microorganisms. Limnol Oceanogr
22:609–620
Cohn F (1876) Untersuchungen uber Bakterien IV. Beitrage zur
Biologie der Bacillen. Beitr Biol Pflanzen 2:249–276
Colwell RR, Morita RY (1974) The effects of the ocean environment
on microbial activities. University Park Press, Baltimore
d’He ´relle F (1921) Le Bacte ´riophage: Son ro ˆle dans l’Immunite ´.
Masson, Paris, 227 p
de Saussure NT (1804) Recherches chimiques sur la ve ´ge ´tation. Vve
Nyon, Paris, 327 p
Degrange V, Bardin R (1995) Detection and counting of Nitrobacter
populations in soil by PCR. Appl Environ Microbiol 61:2093–2098
Deherain PP (1897) La re ´duction des nitrates dans la terre arable. C R
Acad Sci Paris 124:269–273
Diem H, Gauthier D, Dommergues Y (1983) An effective strain of
Frankia from Casuarina sp. Can J Bot 61:2815–2821
Dobell C (1923) A protozoological bicentenary: Antony van
Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723) and Louis Joblot (1645–1723). Parasitology 15:308–319
Dommergues Y, Mangenot F (1970) E ´ cologie microbienne du sol.
Masson, Paris
Ducluzeau R, Raibaud P (1979) E ´ cologie microbienne du tube digestif.
INRA and Masson, Paris
Fenchel T, Blackburn H (1979) Bacteria and mineral cycling.
Academic Press, London
Fleming A (1929) On the antibacterial action of cultures of a Penicillium, with special reference to their use in the isolation of B.
influenzae. Br J Exp Pathol 10:226–236
Haeckel E (1866) Generelle Morphologie. I: Allgemeine Anatomie der
Organismen. II: Allgemeine Entwickelungsgeschichte der
Organismen. Reimer, Berlin
Hungate R (1966) The rumen and its microbes. Academic Press,
New York
Ivanovski D, Polovtsev VV (1890) Die Pockenkrankheit der
Tabakspflanze. Mem Acad Sci St Petersbourg Ser 7(37):1–24
Jannasch HW, Taylor CD (1984) Deep sea microbiology. Annu Rev
Microbiol 38:487–514
Jannasch HW, Wirsen CO, Winget CL (1973) A bacteriological
pressure-retaining deep-sea sampler and culture vessel. Deep-Sea
Res 20:661–664
Jannasch HW, Wirsen CO, Taylor CD (1982) Deep sea bacteria:
isolation in the absence of decompression. Science 216:1315–1317
Jannash HW, Wirsen CO, Doherty KM (1996) A pressurized chemostat
for the study of marine barophile and oligotrophic bacteria. Appl
Environ Microbiol 62:1593–1596
Jørgensen BB, Fenchel T (1974) The sulfur cycle of a marine sediment
model system. Mar Biol 24:189–201
Jørgensen BB, Revsbech NP, Blackburn TH, Cohen Y (1979) Diurnal
cycles of oxygen and sulphide microgradients and microbial photosynthesis in a cyanobacterial mat. Appl Environ Microbiol
38:46–58
Kaserer H (1906) Die oxydation des Wasserstoffs durch
Mikroorganismen. Zentralbl Bakteriol II Abt 16:681–696
Koch R (1882) Die Aetiologie der Tuberculose. Berl Klin Wochenschr
19:221–230
Koch R (1883) Ueber die neuen Untersuchungsmethoden zum
Nachweis der Mikroorganismen in Boden, Luft und Wasser.
Aerztliches Vereinsblatt fu ¨r Dtschl 237:244–250
Ku ¨tzing FT (1837) Microscopische Untersuchungen u ¨ber die Hefe und
Essigmutter, nebst mehreren andern dazu geho ¨rigen vegetabilischen
Gebilden. J Prakt Chem 11:385–409
Le Coustumier A (2010) Louis Joblot et ses microscopes. Bull Soc F
Microbiol 25:89–100
Le Gall J, Fauque G (1988) Dissimilatory reduction of sulfur
compounds. In: Zehnder AJB (ed) Biology of anaerobic
microorganisms. Wiley, New York, pp 587–640
Lechevalier H (1976) Louis Joblot and his microscopes. Bacteriol Rev
40:241–258
Madigan M, Martinko JM, Stahl D, Clark DP (2010) Brock: biology of
Microorganisms, 13th edn. Pearson Benjamin-Cummings, San
Francisco
Morita R (1975) Psychrophilic bacteria. Bacteriol Rev 39:144–167
Pasteur L (1857) Me ´moire sur la fermentation alcoolique. C R Acad Sci
Paris 45:1032–1036
Pasteur L (1860) Me ´moire sur la fermentation alcoolique. Ann Chim
Phys 58:323–426
Pfennig N, Widdel F, Tru ¨per HG (1981) The dissimilatory sulfatereducing bacteria. In: Starr MP, Stolp H, Tru ¨per HG, Balows A,
Schlegel HG (eds) The prokaryotes. Springer, Berlin, pp 926–940
Pochon J, De Barjac H (1958) Traite ´ de microbiologie du sol. Dunod,
Paris
2 Some Historical Elements of Microbial Ecology
23