62
Puncture Vine An extract of puncture vine (Tribulus terrestris) was fed at 400 mg/
kg to fi rst-feeding Mossambique tilapia fry for 45 days before challenge with results
indicating enhanced growth and resistance to Str. iniae (Yilmaz et al. 2014 ).
Cumin Cumin ( Cuminum cyminum ) was fed at 1.14 % to Mozambique tilapia fry
for 45 days leading to enhanced growth and protection after challenge (Yilmaz et al.
2013 ).
Allspice Allspice ( Pimenta dioica ) dosed 10 g of allspice/kg of fi sh feed and fed
for 50 days to Mossambique tilapia fry led to improved growth and protection
against challenge (Yilmaz and Ergun 2014 ).
Other Examples of Benefi cial Plants Other examples that led to recipient fi sh
resisting challenge were thyme ( Thymus vulgaris ), rosemary ( Rosmarinus offi cinalis ) or fenugreek ( Trigonella foenum graecum ) (Yilmaz et al. 2013 ; Gultepe et al.
2014 ).
Barodon The anionic alkaline mineral, Barodon, was fed at 0.1–0.3 % to juvenile
olive fl ounder for 10-weeks leading to improvements in growth, immunostmulation
(enhanced anti-protease, serum lysozyme and superoxide dismutase activities) and
resistance to experimental infection (Shin et al. 2014 ).
Probiotics Streptococcicosis, which is diffi cult to control by other means, has been
receptive to probiotics, with Aer. sobria GC2 (recovered from the digestive tract of
ghost carp) dosed at 5 × 10
7 cells/g of feed and fed over 14 days, stimulating the
innate immune response (increase in leucocytes, phagocytosis, and respiratory burst
activity) and conferring excellent protection against challenge (Brunt and Austin
2005 ). Lactococcus lactis BFE920 was fed at 1 × 10
6 , 5 × 10
6 , 2.5 × 10
7 and
1.25 × 10
8 CFU/g of feed for 2-weeks to olive fl ounder ( Paralichthys olivaceus ),
demonstating 68–77 % survival after challenge. Consequently, a fi eld trial was carried out using 12000 fi sh for 3-months with reports revealing improved growth,
immunostimulation (increased lysozyme activity, and production of IL-12 and IFNgamma) and survival (=66 %) after subsequent challenge with Str. iniae (Kim et al.
2013 ). A mixture of Aspergillus oryzae (2.0 × 10
9 CFU/g) , Bac. subtilis
(1.5 × 10
9 CFU/g) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (10
9 CFU/g) were administered
orally at 5 g/kg and 10 g/kg for 6-weeks to Nile tilapia leading to immunostimulation (enhanced leucocyte numbers, and respiratory burst activity) and protection
against experimental challenge (Iwashita et al. 2015 ).
Bacteriocins Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis, which produced a bacteriocin
termed nisin Z, was recovered from the intestine of olive fl ounder, and inactivated
Str. iniae within 3 h at a dose of 3,200 arbitrary units. As a consequence, nisin Z was
suggested as an alternative to chemotherapy for the control of streptococcosis (Heo
et al. 2012 ).
2 Gram-Positive Bacteria (Anaerobes and ‘Lactic Acid’ Bacteria)
Puncture Vine An extract of puncture vine (Tribulus terrestris) was fed at 400 mg/
kg to fi rst-feeding Mossambique tilapia fry for 45 days before challenge with results
indicating enhanced growth and resistance to Str. iniae (Yilmaz et al. 2014 ).
Cumin Cumin ( Cuminum cyminum ) was fed at 1.14 % to Mozambique tilapia fry
for 45 days leading to enhanced growth and protection after challenge (Yilmaz et al.
2013 ).
Allspice Allspice ( Pimenta dioica ) dosed 10 g of allspice/kg of fi sh feed and fed
for 50 days to Mossambique tilapia fry led to improved growth and protection
against challenge (Yilmaz and Ergun 2014 ).
Other Examples of Benefi cial Plants Other examples that led to recipient fi sh
resisting challenge were thyme ( Thymus vulgaris ), rosemary ( Rosmarinus offi cinalis ) or fenugreek ( Trigonella foenum graecum ) (Yilmaz et al. 2013 ; Gultepe et al.
2014 ).
Barodon The anionic alkaline mineral, Barodon, was fed at 0.1–0.3 % to juvenile
olive fl ounder for 10-weeks leading to improvements in growth, immunostmulation
(enhanced anti-protease, serum lysozyme and superoxide dismutase activities) and
resistance to experimental infection (Shin et al. 2014 ).
Probiotics Streptococcicosis, which is diffi cult to control by other means, has been
receptive to probiotics, with Aer. sobria GC2 (recovered from the digestive tract of
ghost carp) dosed at 5 × 10
7 cells/g of feed and fed over 14 days, stimulating the
innate immune response (increase in leucocytes, phagocytosis, and respiratory burst
activity) and conferring excellent protection against challenge (Brunt and Austin
2005 ). Lactococcus lactis BFE920 was fed at 1 × 10
6 , 5 × 10
6 , 2.5 × 10
7 and
1.25 × 10
8 CFU/g of feed for 2-weeks to olive fl ounder ( Paralichthys olivaceus ),
demonstating 68–77 % survival after challenge. Consequently, a fi eld trial was carried out using 12000 fi sh for 3-months with reports revealing improved growth,
immunostimulation (increased lysozyme activity, and production of IL-12 and IFNgamma) and survival (=66 %) after subsequent challenge with Str. iniae (Kim et al.
2013 ). A mixture of Aspergillus oryzae (2.0 × 10
9 CFU/g) , Bac. subtilis
(1.5 × 10
9 CFU/g) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (10
9 CFU/g) were administered
orally at 5 g/kg and 10 g/kg for 6-weeks to Nile tilapia leading to immunostimulation (enhanced leucocyte numbers, and respiratory burst activity) and protection
against experimental challenge (Iwashita et al. 2015 ).
Bacteriocins Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis, which produced a bacteriocin
termed nisin Z, was recovered from the intestine of olive fl ounder, and inactivated
Str. iniae within 3 h at a dose of 3,200 arbitrary units. As a consequence, nisin Z was
suggested as an alternative to chemotherapy for the control of streptococcosis (Heo
et al. 2012 ).
2 Gram-Positive Bacteria (Anaerobes and ‘Lactic Acid’ Bacteria)