60
Disease Control
Vaccine Development With the spread of Str. iniae, it became an obvious candidate for vaccine development with commercial products now available. A Str. iniae
vaccine was applied orally to Nile tilapia for 5 days, and following challenge
23 days after the conclusion of vaccination achieved an RPS of 63 % thus demonstrating the feasibility and usefulness of the oral approach (Shoemaker et al. 2006 ).
Subsequently, a formalin-inactivated whole cell preparation has been used successfully in Nile tilapia to protect against a wide range of Str. iniae isolates with RPS
values of 79–100 % (Shoemaker et al. 2010 ). Similar success (RPS = 100 %) has
been achieved in farmed grouper 1 month following intraperitoneal application in
adjuvant (Huang et al. 2014b ). A trivalent formalin-inactivated vaccine comprising
Edw. tarda, Str. iniae and Str. parauberis, protected olive fl ounder when administered intraperitoneally in 0.1 ml amounts (Han et al. 2011a ). An inactivated bivalent
vaccine containing cells of Str. iniae and V. vulnifi cus was administered intraperitoneally to sex reversed hybrid tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus × Oreochromis aureus )
leading to protection against both pathogens after challenge with RPS values of
69–100 % and 79–89 %, respectively (Shoemaker et al. 2012 ). The effi cacy of a
formalin-inactive commercial vaccine for Str. iniae , a second for Lactococcus garvieae , and a combination of both was evaluated in thread-sail fi lefi sh, and led to
signifi cantly lower mortalities in each of the three vaccinated groups after challenge
for the respective pathogen (Minami et al. 2013 ) with protection lasting for a year
after the vaccination (Minami et al. 2014 ). A commercial ß- haemolytic Streptococcus
vaccine for Japanese fl ounder was administered by i.p. injection in threadsail fi lefi sh
( Stephanolepis cirrhifer ) leading to an RPS of >85 %, and protection that lasted
>7-months (Ishii et al. 2013 ).
A recombinant subunit vaccine, i.e. a putative iron-binding protein, Sip11, of
serotype 1 expressed in Esch. coli was protective (RPS = 69.7 %) particularly when
linked to an inert carrier protein and administered as a live vaccine by i.p. injection
in Japanese fl ounder (Cheng et al. 2010 ). Similarly, the putative hydrophobic cytoplasmic membrane protein, MtsB, of the ATP-binding cassette transporter system,
was protective (RPS = 69.9 %) following i.p. injection of 28 μg quantities in FCA
into tilapia. A booster dose was administered 14 days later (Zou et al. 2011 ).
A DNA vaccine involving a putative secretory antigen, Sia10, was identifi ed, and
used in the form of a plasmid, pSia10, which led to an RPS of 73–92 % in turbot
(Sun et al. 2010 ).
A formalin inactivated whole cell vaccine was compared with live attenuated
products in hybrid striped bass by bath and i.p. injection with the outcome that the
live vaccine lacking M-like protein gave complete protection (RPS = 100 %) by both
methods of administration albeit with some (12–16 %) pre-challenge mortalities
(Locke et al. 2010 ). An attenuated novobiocin-resistant strain has been proposed as
a vaccine candidate for use in Nile tilapia. Administration was by i.p. injection of
2 × 10
7 CFU and following challenge the RPS was up to 100 % (Pridgeon and
Klesius 2011b ).
2 Gram-Positive Bacteria (Anaerobes and ‘Lactic Acid’ Bacteria)
Disease Control
Vaccine Development With the spread of Str. iniae, it became an obvious candidate for vaccine development with commercial products now available. A Str. iniae
vaccine was applied orally to Nile tilapia for 5 days, and following challenge
23 days after the conclusion of vaccination achieved an RPS of 63 % thus demonstrating the feasibility and usefulness of the oral approach (Shoemaker et al. 2006 ).
Subsequently, a formalin-inactivated whole cell preparation has been used successfully in Nile tilapia to protect against a wide range of Str. iniae isolates with RPS
values of 79–100 % (Shoemaker et al. 2010 ). Similar success (RPS = 100 %) has
been achieved in farmed grouper 1 month following intraperitoneal application in
adjuvant (Huang et al. 2014b ). A trivalent formalin-inactivated vaccine comprising
Edw. tarda, Str. iniae and Str. parauberis, protected olive fl ounder when administered intraperitoneally in 0.1 ml amounts (Han et al. 2011a ). An inactivated bivalent
vaccine containing cells of Str. iniae and V. vulnifi cus was administered intraperitoneally to sex reversed hybrid tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus × Oreochromis aureus )
leading to protection against both pathogens after challenge with RPS values of
69–100 % and 79–89 %, respectively (Shoemaker et al. 2012 ). The effi cacy of a
formalin-inactive commercial vaccine for Str. iniae , a second for Lactococcus garvieae , and a combination of both was evaluated in thread-sail fi lefi sh, and led to
signifi cantly lower mortalities in each of the three vaccinated groups after challenge
for the respective pathogen (Minami et al. 2013 ) with protection lasting for a year
after the vaccination (Minami et al. 2014 ). A commercial ß- haemolytic Streptococcus
vaccine for Japanese fl ounder was administered by i.p. injection in threadsail fi lefi sh
( Stephanolepis cirrhifer ) leading to an RPS of >85 %, and protection that lasted
>7-months (Ishii et al. 2013 ).
A recombinant subunit vaccine, i.e. a putative iron-binding protein, Sip11, of
serotype 1 expressed in Esch. coli was protective (RPS = 69.7 %) particularly when
linked to an inert carrier protein and administered as a live vaccine by i.p. injection
in Japanese fl ounder (Cheng et al. 2010 ). Similarly, the putative hydrophobic cytoplasmic membrane protein, MtsB, of the ATP-binding cassette transporter system,
was protective (RPS = 69.9 %) following i.p. injection of 28 μg quantities in FCA
into tilapia. A booster dose was administered 14 days later (Zou et al. 2011 ).
A DNA vaccine involving a putative secretory antigen, Sia10, was identifi ed, and
used in the form of a plasmid, pSia10, which led to an RPS of 73–92 % in turbot
(Sun et al. 2010 ).
A formalin inactivated whole cell vaccine was compared with live attenuated
products in hybrid striped bass by bath and i.p. injection with the outcome that the
live vaccine lacking M-like protein gave complete protection (RPS = 100 %) by both
methods of administration albeit with some (12–16 %) pre-challenge mortalities
(Locke et al. 2010 ). An attenuated novobiocin-resistant strain has been proposed as
a vaccine candidate for use in Nile tilapia. Administration was by i.p. injection of
2 × 10
7 CFU and following challenge the RPS was up to 100 % (Pridgeon and
Klesius 2011b ).
2 Gram-Positive Bacteria (Anaerobes and ‘Lactic Acid’ Bacteria)