53
Cinnamaldehyde Liposome-encapsulated cinnamaldehyde, which is from cinnamon, improved survival of zebra fi sh against challenge with Str. agalactiae (Faikoh
et al. 2014 ).
Soybean Corn, Linseed, Fish and Olive Oils Soybean, corn, linseed, fi sh and
olive oils were fed to Nile tilapia leading to evidence of immunostimulation, and in
the case of soybean oil protection against experimental challenge (Ferreira et al.
2015 ).
Traditional Chinese Medicine Plant Sophora fl avescens was fed at 0.025–0.4 %
to Nile tilapia leading to immunostimulation (enhanced anti-protease, complement,
myeloperoxidase and serum lysozyme activities, and increased production of reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen intermediates by peripheral blood leucocytes) and protection against experimental challenge (RPS = 73.3 %) (Wu et al.
2013 ).
Probiotics Lactobacillus rhamnosus was microencapsulated in alginate and
skimmed milk- alginate, and fed to tilapia for 14 days leading to improved growth
and protection after challenge (Pirirat et al. 2015 ).
Biological Control The ability of fi lter-feeding bivalve mussels ( Pilsbryoconcha
exilis ) to control populations of Str. agalactiae (~3.5 × 10
5 CFU/ml in 40 l volumes
of water) around juvenile Nile tilapia was examined in the laboratory. The results
revealed that in the presence of mussels, the numbers of streptococci were reduced
by 83.6–87.1 % over 3-weeks. Conversely, in the absence of mussels, the bacterial
numbers increased by 31.5 % over the same period. The presence of the mussels led
to higher growth and less mortalities than in the absence of the fi lter-feeders
(Othman et al. 2015 ).
Antimicrobial Compounds Str. diffi cilis was susceptible to ampicillin, cefuroxime, cephalothin, chloramphenicol, ciprofl oxacin, erythromycin, fusidic acid,
methicillin, mezlocillin, nitrofurantoin, penicillin, potentiated sulphonamide, tetracycline and vancomycin, but resistant to amikacin, colistin, gentamycin and nalidixic acid.
Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. dysgalactiae
Characteristics of the Disease
This Lancefi eld group C streptococcus was recovered in Japan from amberjack and
yellowtail that had been previously vaccinated with a commercial vaccine against
lactococcosis caused by Lactococcus garvieae and were displaying necrotic lesions
of the caudal peduncle. Some fi sh revealed splenic hypertrophy (Nomoto et al.
2004 ). The organism has been associated with severe necrosis of the caudal peduncle and mortalities of amberjack and yellowtail in Japan (Nomoto et al. 2006 ), and
Streptococcaceae Representatives
Cinnamaldehyde Liposome-encapsulated cinnamaldehyde, which is from cinnamon, improved survival of zebra fi sh against challenge with Str. agalactiae (Faikoh
et al. 2014 ).
Soybean Corn, Linseed, Fish and Olive Oils Soybean, corn, linseed, fi sh and
olive oils were fed to Nile tilapia leading to evidence of immunostimulation, and in
the case of soybean oil protection against experimental challenge (Ferreira et al.
2015 ).
Traditional Chinese Medicine Plant Sophora fl avescens was fed at 0.025–0.4 %
to Nile tilapia leading to immunostimulation (enhanced anti-protease, complement,
myeloperoxidase and serum lysozyme activities, and increased production of reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen intermediates by peripheral blood leucocytes) and protection against experimental challenge (RPS = 73.3 %) (Wu et al.
2013 ).
Probiotics Lactobacillus rhamnosus was microencapsulated in alginate and
skimmed milk- alginate, and fed to tilapia for 14 days leading to improved growth
and protection after challenge (Pirirat et al. 2015 ).
Biological Control The ability of fi lter-feeding bivalve mussels ( Pilsbryoconcha
exilis ) to control populations of Str. agalactiae (~3.5 × 10
5 CFU/ml in 40 l volumes
of water) around juvenile Nile tilapia was examined in the laboratory. The results
revealed that in the presence of mussels, the numbers of streptococci were reduced
by 83.6–87.1 % over 3-weeks. Conversely, in the absence of mussels, the bacterial
numbers increased by 31.5 % over the same period. The presence of the mussels led
to higher growth and less mortalities than in the absence of the fi lter-feeders
(Othman et al. 2015 ).
Antimicrobial Compounds Str. diffi cilis was susceptible to ampicillin, cefuroxime, cephalothin, chloramphenicol, ciprofl oxacin, erythromycin, fusidic acid,
methicillin, mezlocillin, nitrofurantoin, penicillin, potentiated sulphonamide, tetracycline and vancomycin, but resistant to amikacin, colistin, gentamycin and nalidixic acid.
Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. dysgalactiae
Characteristics of the Disease
This Lancefi eld group C streptococcus was recovered in Japan from amberjack and
yellowtail that had been previously vaccinated with a commercial vaccine against
lactococcosis caused by Lactococcus garvieae and were displaying necrotic lesions
of the caudal peduncle. Some fi sh revealed splenic hypertrophy (Nomoto et al.
2004 ). The organism has been associated with severe necrosis of the caudal peduncle and mortalities of amberjack and yellowtail in Japan (Nomoto et al. 2006 ), and
Streptococcaceae Representatives