45
and not in the capsule. It was noted that capsulated cells became phagocytosed, and
fi mbrial-like appendages were seen in the cells after treatment with immune serum
(Ooyama et al. 1999 ).
Bivalent formalin-inactivated whole cell preparations containing Lactococcus
garvieae and Aer. hydrophila with and without Montanide ISA-763 as adjuvant
were administered by intraperitoneal injection (0.1 ml amounts containing 1 × 10
8
cells/fi sh) to rainbow trout, and challenged after 30 days with a RPS for Lactococcus
garvieae of 100 % and 95.3 % for non adjuvanted and adjuvanted preparations,
respectively. At 90 days after vaccination, challenge resulted in decreased protection
doe the non-adjuvanted preparation against Lactococcus garvieae (RPS = 76.2 %)
but not so for the adjuvanted product (RPS = 90 %) (Bastardo et al. 2012).
The gene for the 40 kDa GAPDH was overexpressed in Esch. coli adjuvanted
with Montanide ISA 763A, and 50 μg/fi sh volumes injected i.p. into tilapia. Another
group of fi sh received formalin-inactivated whole cells adjuvanted with Montanide
ISA 763A, or a mixture of with bacteria, formalized bacteria and adjuvant. Challenge
was after 4-weeks when the combination vaccine [whole cells, protein and adjuvant] produced the highest RPS of 100 %. The whole cells and protein [with adjuvant] administered separately resulted in RPS values of 87.5 % and 50 %, respectively
(Tsai et al. 2013b ).
The effi cacy of a formalin-inactive commercial vaccine for Str. iniae , a second
for Lactococcus garvieae , and a combination of both was evaluated in thread-sail
fi lefi sh, and led to signifi cantly lower mortalities in each of the three vaccinated
groups after challenge for the respective pathogen (Minami et al. 2013 ) with protection lasting for a year after the vaccination (Minami et al. 2014 ).
Immunostimulants/Dietary Supplements
Clove Oil
Natural plant products, namely clove oil at 3 % (w/v) supplemented diets, protected
tilapia against challenge with Lactococcus garvieae, although the authors included
0.5 % (w/v) oxytetracyline as well (Rattanachaikunsopon and Phumkhachorn 2009 ) .
Shirazi Thyme Shirazi thyme ( Zataria multifl ora ) oil inhibited lactococcosis by
suppressing the expression of the virulence genes, PavA and Hly , which encode
fi bronectin and haemolysin proteins, respectively (Soltani et al. 2015 ).
Mushroom The mushroom (Lentinula edodes) extract fed at 2 % for 6-weeks
enhanced the immune response (immunoglobulin) of rainbow trout, and provided
protection against challenge with Lactococcus garvieae (Baba et al. 2015 ).
Chinese Traditional Medicine Modifi ed Huanglian Jiedu decoction (comprising
Cortex phellodendri, Flos lonicerae japonicae, Fructus forsythia, Fructus gardenia,
Radix scutellaria and Rhizoma coptidis ) has been proposed as a feed additive when
Streptococcaceae Representatives
and not in the capsule. It was noted that capsulated cells became phagocytosed, and
fi mbrial-like appendages were seen in the cells after treatment with immune serum
(Ooyama et al. 1999 ).
Bivalent formalin-inactivated whole cell preparations containing Lactococcus
garvieae and Aer. hydrophila with and without Montanide ISA-763 as adjuvant
were administered by intraperitoneal injection (0.1 ml amounts containing 1 × 10
8
cells/fi sh) to rainbow trout, and challenged after 30 days with a RPS for Lactococcus
garvieae of 100 % and 95.3 % for non adjuvanted and adjuvanted preparations,
respectively. At 90 days after vaccination, challenge resulted in decreased protection
doe the non-adjuvanted preparation against Lactococcus garvieae (RPS = 76.2 %)
but not so for the adjuvanted product (RPS = 90 %) (Bastardo et al. 2012).
The gene for the 40 kDa GAPDH was overexpressed in Esch. coli adjuvanted
with Montanide ISA 763A, and 50 μg/fi sh volumes injected i.p. into tilapia. Another
group of fi sh received formalin-inactivated whole cells adjuvanted with Montanide
ISA 763A, or a mixture of with bacteria, formalized bacteria and adjuvant. Challenge
was after 4-weeks when the combination vaccine [whole cells, protein and adjuvant] produced the highest RPS of 100 %. The whole cells and protein [with adjuvant] administered separately resulted in RPS values of 87.5 % and 50 %, respectively
(Tsai et al. 2013b ).
The effi cacy of a formalin-inactive commercial vaccine for Str. iniae , a second
for Lactococcus garvieae , and a combination of both was evaluated in thread-sail
fi lefi sh, and led to signifi cantly lower mortalities in each of the three vaccinated
groups after challenge for the respective pathogen (Minami et al. 2013 ) with protection lasting for a year after the vaccination (Minami et al. 2014 ).
Immunostimulants/Dietary Supplements
Clove Oil
Natural plant products, namely clove oil at 3 % (w/v) supplemented diets, protected
tilapia against challenge with Lactococcus garvieae, although the authors included
0.5 % (w/v) oxytetracyline as well (Rattanachaikunsopon and Phumkhachorn 2009 ) .
Shirazi Thyme Shirazi thyme ( Zataria multifl ora ) oil inhibited lactococcosis by
suppressing the expression of the virulence genes, PavA and Hly , which encode
fi bronectin and haemolysin proteins, respectively (Soltani et al. 2015 ).
Mushroom The mushroom (Lentinula edodes) extract fed at 2 % for 6-weeks
enhanced the immune response (immunoglobulin) of rainbow trout, and provided
protection against challenge with Lactococcus garvieae (Baba et al. 2015 ).
Chinese Traditional Medicine Modifi ed Huanglian Jiedu decoction (comprising
Cortex phellodendri, Flos lonicerae japonicae, Fructus forsythia, Fructus gardenia,
Radix scutellaria and Rhizoma coptidis ) has been proposed as a feed additive when
Streptococcaceae Representatives