34
Diagnosis
A duplex PCR identifi ed the pathogen in culture and diseased brain and spleen tissues (Snyder et al. 2015 ).
Disease Control
Vaccine Whole-cell formalin-inactivated vaccine was formulated with and without Montanide ISA 763 adjuvant, and 0.1 ml volumes were injected i.p. into rainbow trout, with challenge at 30 and 60 days after vaccination. The oil adjuvanted
vaccine achieved the better RPS of 92 % at 30 and 60 days after vaccination. The
corresponding non-adjuvanted vaccine achieved RPS values of 67 % and 58 % after
30 and 60 days, respectively (Costa et al. 2015 ).
Gram-Positive Cocci in Chains: The Early Literature
General Comments
Streptococcicosis (= streptococcosis) was initially described among populations of
rainbow trout farmed in Japan (Hoshina et al. 1958 ). Since then, the disease has
increased in importance, with outbreaks occurring in numerous fi sh species including yellowtails (Kusuda et al. 1976 ; Kitao et al. 1979 ), coho salmon (Atsuta et al.
1990 ), Jacopever (Sebastes schlegeli) (Sakai et al. 1986 ), Japanese eels (Kusuda
et al. 1978 ), ayu and tilapia (Kitao et al. 1981 ). The disease, also known as ‘popeye’, has assumed importance in rainbow trout farms in Australia, Israel, Italy and
South Africa (Barham et al. 1979 ; Boomker et al. 1979 ; Carson and Munday 1990 ;
Ceschia et al. 1992 ; B. Austin, unpublished data) and in Atlantic croaker (Micropogon
undulatus), blue fi sh (Pomatomus saltatrix), channel catfi sh, golden shiner
(Notemigonous chrysoleuca), hardhead (sea) catfi sh (Arius felis), menhaden
(Brevoortia patronus), pinfi sh ( Lagodon rhomboides), sea trout (Cynoscion regalis), silver trout (Cynoscion nothus), spot (Leiostomus xanthurus), stingray (Dasyatis
sp.), striped bass (Morone saxatilis) and striped mullet (Mugil cephalus) in the USA
(Robinson and Meyer 1966 ; Plumb et al. 1974 ; Cook and Lofton 1975 ; Baya et al.
1990 ). There is good evidence that streptococcicosis is problematical in both farmed
and wild fi sh stocks.
Since the fi rst publication in 1958, there has been considerable confusion about
the number of and the nature of the bacterial species involved in the disease. Thus
at various times, the fi sh pathogenic streptococci have been linked with Str. agalactiae, Str. diffi cilis, Str. dysgalactiae, Str. equi, Str. equisimilis, Str. (= En.) faecium,
Str. ictaluri, Str. iniae, Str. milleri, Str. parauberis, Str. phocae, Str. pyogenes and Str.
zooepidemicus. In addition, we have found that Enterococcus faecalis NCTC 775
T
,
En. faecium NCTC 7171
T
, Lactococcus lactis NCFB 604, Str. mutans NCFB 2062
2 Gram-Positive Bacteria (Anaerobes and ‘Lactic Acid’ Bacteria)
Diagnosis
A duplex PCR identifi ed the pathogen in culture and diseased brain and spleen tissues (Snyder et al. 2015 ).
Disease Control
Vaccine Whole-cell formalin-inactivated vaccine was formulated with and without Montanide ISA 763 adjuvant, and 0.1 ml volumes were injected i.p. into rainbow trout, with challenge at 30 and 60 days after vaccination. The oil adjuvanted
vaccine achieved the better RPS of 92 % at 30 and 60 days after vaccination. The
corresponding non-adjuvanted vaccine achieved RPS values of 67 % and 58 % after
30 and 60 days, respectively (Costa et al. 2015 ).
Gram-Positive Cocci in Chains: The Early Literature
General Comments
Streptococcicosis (= streptococcosis) was initially described among populations of
rainbow trout farmed in Japan (Hoshina et al. 1958 ). Since then, the disease has
increased in importance, with outbreaks occurring in numerous fi sh species including yellowtails (Kusuda et al. 1976 ; Kitao et al. 1979 ), coho salmon (Atsuta et al.
1990 ), Jacopever (Sebastes schlegeli) (Sakai et al. 1986 ), Japanese eels (Kusuda
et al. 1978 ), ayu and tilapia (Kitao et al. 1981 ). The disease, also known as ‘popeye’, has assumed importance in rainbow trout farms in Australia, Israel, Italy and
South Africa (Barham et al. 1979 ; Boomker et al. 1979 ; Carson and Munday 1990 ;
Ceschia et al. 1992 ; B. Austin, unpublished data) and in Atlantic croaker (Micropogon
undulatus), blue fi sh (Pomatomus saltatrix), channel catfi sh, golden shiner
(Notemigonous chrysoleuca), hardhead (sea) catfi sh (Arius felis), menhaden
(Brevoortia patronus), pinfi sh ( Lagodon rhomboides), sea trout (Cynoscion regalis), silver trout (Cynoscion nothus), spot (Leiostomus xanthurus), stingray (Dasyatis
sp.), striped bass (Morone saxatilis) and striped mullet (Mugil cephalus) in the USA
(Robinson and Meyer 1966 ; Plumb et al. 1974 ; Cook and Lofton 1975 ; Baya et al.
1990 ). There is good evidence that streptococcicosis is problematical in both farmed
and wild fi sh stocks.
Since the fi rst publication in 1958, there has been considerable confusion about
the number of and the nature of the bacterial species involved in the disease. Thus
at various times, the fi sh pathogenic streptococci have been linked with Str. agalactiae, Str. diffi cilis, Str. dysgalactiae, Str. equi, Str. equisimilis, Str. (= En.) faecium,
Str. ictaluri, Str. iniae, Str. milleri, Str. parauberis, Str. phocae, Str. pyogenes and Str.
zooepidemicus. In addition, we have found that Enterococcus faecalis NCTC 775
T
,
En. faecium NCTC 7171
T
, Lactococcus lactis NCFB 604, Str. mutans NCFB 2062
2 Gram-Positive Bacteria (Anaerobes and ‘Lactic Acid’ Bacteria)