571
vated cells of V. alginolyticus , V. harveyi , V. vulnifi cus and infectious spleen and
kidney necrosis virus was evaluated in orange-spotted grouper ( Epinephelus
coioides) with an overall RPS of 80 % (Huang et al. 2012 ). Recombinant epinecidin-1 was administered orally for 30 days to grouper ( Epinephelus coioides ) and
zebra fi sh ( Danio rerio ) leading to reduced mortalities after challenge (Pan et al.
2012 ). An inactivated bivalent vaccine containing cells of Str. iniae and V. vulnifi cus
was administered intraperitoneally to sex reversed hybrid tilapia ( Oreochromis
niloticus × Oreochromis aureus ) leading to protection against both pathogens after
challenge with RPS values of 69–100 % and 79–89 %, respectively (Shoemaker
et al. 2012 ).
A recombinant bivalent expressed OMP of V. vulnifi cus and Aer. hydrophila
was used to vaccinate via the i.p. route American eel ( Anguilla rostrata ) with
challenge after 28-days leading to RPS values of 50 % for both pathogens (Guo
et al. 2015b ).
Immunostimulants/Feed Additives Recombinant antimicrobial peptide, epinecidin- 1 (from grouper, Epinephelus coioides), was fed to grouper and zebra fi sh for 30
days resulting in increased expression of immune-related genes, notably tumor
necrosis factor 1 in grouper, and interleukin-1ß, nitric oxide synthase 2, nuclear factor kB and Toll-like receptor 4 in zebra fi sh, and a reduction in mortalities after
experimental challenge with V. vulnifi cus (Pan et al. 2012 ). Live cells of Bac. coagulans was fed at 10
4 to 10
10 CFU/ 50 ml of media, and mixed with 50 g of eel powder
for 30-days to grouper ( Epinephelus coioides ) and zebra fi sh ( Danio rerio ) leading
to resistance to challenge, and enhanced expression of immune-related genes, i.e.
interleukin (IL)-1 ß, myeloid differentiation factor (MyD)88, tumor necrosis factor
(TNF)-2, and IL-1 ß in grouper, and Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4, TNF-α, TRAM 1,
and nuclear factor (NF)-kappa B in zebrafi sh (Pan et al. 2013 ). Bac subtilis at
1.05 × 10
7 or 5.62 × 10
7 CFU/g of diet, and 0.2 % or 0.4 % of the prebiotic fructooligosaccharide was fed for 8-weeks to juvenile ovate pompano ( Trachinotus ovatus )
before challenge (Zhang et al. 2014a ). The data revealed that the higher bacterial
dose and the lower amount of prebiotic led to improved growth and resistance to
challenge (Zhang et al. 2014a ). Liposome-encapsulated cinnamaldehyde, which is
from cinnamon, improved survival of zebra fi sh against challenge with V. vulnifi cus
(Faikoh et al. 2014 ).
Use of Antimicrobial Compounds Although this aspect has not been addressed,
it seems likely that infections will respond to broad-spectrum antimicrobial compounds, such as fl umequine, oxolinic acid, oxytetracycline and potentiated sulphonamides (Muroga et al. 1976a , b ; Nishibuchi and Muroga 1977 , 1980 ; Nishibuchi
et al. 1979 , 1980 ).
Vibrio vulnifi cus
vated cells of V. alginolyticus , V. harveyi , V. vulnifi cus and infectious spleen and
kidney necrosis virus was evaluated in orange-spotted grouper ( Epinephelus
coioides) with an overall RPS of 80 % (Huang et al. 2012 ). Recombinant epinecidin-1 was administered orally for 30 days to grouper ( Epinephelus coioides ) and
zebra fi sh ( Danio rerio ) leading to reduced mortalities after challenge (Pan et al.
2012 ). An inactivated bivalent vaccine containing cells of Str. iniae and V. vulnifi cus
was administered intraperitoneally to sex reversed hybrid tilapia ( Oreochromis
niloticus × Oreochromis aureus ) leading to protection against both pathogens after
challenge with RPS values of 69–100 % and 79–89 %, respectively (Shoemaker
et al. 2012 ).
A recombinant bivalent expressed OMP of V. vulnifi cus and Aer. hydrophila
was used to vaccinate via the i.p. route American eel ( Anguilla rostrata ) with
challenge after 28-days leading to RPS values of 50 % for both pathogens (Guo
et al. 2015b ).
Immunostimulants/Feed Additives Recombinant antimicrobial peptide, epinecidin- 1 (from grouper, Epinephelus coioides), was fed to grouper and zebra fi sh for 30
days resulting in increased expression of immune-related genes, notably tumor
necrosis factor 1 in grouper, and interleukin-1ß, nitric oxide synthase 2, nuclear factor kB and Toll-like receptor 4 in zebra fi sh, and a reduction in mortalities after
experimental challenge with V. vulnifi cus (Pan et al. 2012 ). Live cells of Bac. coagulans was fed at 10
4 to 10
10 CFU/ 50 ml of media, and mixed with 50 g of eel powder
for 30-days to grouper ( Epinephelus coioides ) and zebra fi sh ( Danio rerio ) leading
to resistance to challenge, and enhanced expression of immune-related genes, i.e.
interleukin (IL)-1 ß, myeloid differentiation factor (MyD)88, tumor necrosis factor
(TNF)-2, and IL-1 ß in grouper, and Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4, TNF-α, TRAM 1,
and nuclear factor (NF)-kappa B in zebrafi sh (Pan et al. 2013 ). Bac subtilis at
1.05 × 10
7 or 5.62 × 10
7 CFU/g of diet, and 0.2 % or 0.4 % of the prebiotic fructooligosaccharide was fed for 8-weeks to juvenile ovate pompano ( Trachinotus ovatus )
before challenge (Zhang et al. 2014a ). The data revealed that the higher bacterial
dose and the lower amount of prebiotic led to improved growth and resistance to
challenge (Zhang et al. 2014a ). Liposome-encapsulated cinnamaldehyde, which is
from cinnamon, improved survival of zebra fi sh against challenge with V. vulnifi cus
(Faikoh et al. 2014 ).
Use of Antimicrobial Compounds Although this aspect has not been addressed,
it seems likely that infections will respond to broad-spectrum antimicrobial compounds, such as fl umequine, oxolinic acid, oxytetracycline and potentiated sulphonamides (Muroga et al. 1976a , b ; Nishibuchi and Muroga 1977 , 1980 ; Nishibuchi
et al. 1979 , 1980 ).
Vibrio vulnifi cus