501
V. ezurae (LD 50 = 7.3 × 10
3 ) , V. fortis (LD 50 = ~10
2 ) , V. kanaloaei (LD 50 = <2 × 10
2 ) ,
V. neptunius (LD 50 = 10
2 ) , V. rotiferianus (LD 50 = <10
2 – 5.0 × 10
5
) and V. tubiashi
(LD 50 = 2.5 × 10
2 ) were pathogenic in laboratory-based experiments with rainbow
trout with mortalities of up to 100 % (Austin et al. 2005 ). It will be interesting to see
if these organisms become recognised as pathogens in aquaculture. Thus, the study
of Wu et al. ( 2015 ) is relevant because an epidemic in fugu ( Takifugu rubripes ) during 2011 in Shandong Providence, China resulted in high mortalities. The diseased
fi sh were anorexic, and displayed haemorrhaging and swollen internal organs.
Twelve bacterial species were recovered and identifi ed by sequencing of 16S rRNA
gene. Pathogenicity experiments using zebra fi sh revealed that several newcomers
to fi sh pathology were recognised, including Enterovibrio nigricans , Ph. swingsii,
V. owensii , V. harveyi and V. rotiferianus , with LD 50 values of 7.8 × 10
4 CFU/g to
8.4 × 10
6 CFU/ g (Wu et al. 2015 ). Along with other well recognized fi sh pathogens,
V. rotiferianus was also recovered from diseased sea bass in the southeastern Black
Sea (Uzun and Ogut 2015 ). A massive mortality of weak post-larvae red conger eel
( Genypterus chilensis ) in Chile revealed a range of bacteria, including V . anguillarum, V. ordalii, V. tapetis and V. toranzoniae (Levican and Avendaño-Herrera 2015 ).
As a general comment, most vibrios may be routinely isolated on marine 2216E
agar (supplied by Difco) with incubation at 25 °C for 2–7 days (e.g. Ishimaru et al.
1996 ; Zhang et al. 2011b ).
Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae
Characteristics of the Disease
The organism was associated initially with ulcerative lesions along the fl ank of
blacksmith (Chromis punctipinnis), one of the damselfi sh.
Characteristic skin lesions, i.e. ulcers, are formed, particularly in the region of
the pectoral fi n and caudal peduncle. These ulcers may reach a size of 5–20 mm in
diameter. Typically, muscle lysis occurs. The results of histopathological examination suggests the presence of granulomatous ulcerative dermatitis.
Isolation
Isolation may be readily achieved by swabbing ulcerative material onto the surface
of BHIA supplemented with 5 % (v/v) sheep blood, or TCBS (Appendix in Chap. 12 )
with incubation at 25 °C for an unspecifi ed period (probably 2–5 days) yellowtail
(Fujioka et al. 1988 ; Sakata et al. 1989 ; Fouz et al. 1991 ).
Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae
V. ezurae (LD 50 = 7.3 × 10
3 ) , V. fortis (LD 50 = ~10
2 ) , V. kanaloaei (LD 50 = <2 × 10
2 ) ,
V. neptunius (LD 50 = 10
2 ) , V. rotiferianus (LD 50 = <10
2 – 5.0 × 10
5
) and V. tubiashi
(LD 50 = 2.5 × 10
2 ) were pathogenic in laboratory-based experiments with rainbow
trout with mortalities of up to 100 % (Austin et al. 2005 ). It will be interesting to see
if these organisms become recognised as pathogens in aquaculture. Thus, the study
of Wu et al. ( 2015 ) is relevant because an epidemic in fugu ( Takifugu rubripes ) during 2011 in Shandong Providence, China resulted in high mortalities. The diseased
fi sh were anorexic, and displayed haemorrhaging and swollen internal organs.
Twelve bacterial species were recovered and identifi ed by sequencing of 16S rRNA
gene. Pathogenicity experiments using zebra fi sh revealed that several newcomers
to fi sh pathology were recognised, including Enterovibrio nigricans , Ph. swingsii,
V. owensii , V. harveyi and V. rotiferianus , with LD 50 values of 7.8 × 10
4 CFU/g to
8.4 × 10
6 CFU/ g (Wu et al. 2015 ). Along with other well recognized fi sh pathogens,
V. rotiferianus was also recovered from diseased sea bass in the southeastern Black
Sea (Uzun and Ogut 2015 ). A massive mortality of weak post-larvae red conger eel
( Genypterus chilensis ) in Chile revealed a range of bacteria, including V . anguillarum, V. ordalii, V. tapetis and V. toranzoniae (Levican and Avendaño-Herrera 2015 ).
As a general comment, most vibrios may be routinely isolated on marine 2216E
agar (supplied by Difco) with incubation at 25 °C for 2–7 days (e.g. Ishimaru et al.
1996 ; Zhang et al. 2011b ).
Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae
Characteristics of the Disease
The organism was associated initially with ulcerative lesions along the fl ank of
blacksmith (Chromis punctipinnis), one of the damselfi sh.
Characteristic skin lesions, i.e. ulcers, are formed, particularly in the region of
the pectoral fi n and caudal peduncle. These ulcers may reach a size of 5–20 mm in
diameter. Typically, muscle lysis occurs. The results of histopathological examination suggests the presence of granulomatous ulcerative dermatitis.
Isolation
Isolation may be readily achieved by swabbing ulcerative material onto the surface
of BHIA supplemented with 5 % (v/v) sheep blood, or TCBS (Appendix in Chap. 12 )
with incubation at 25 °C for an unspecifi ed period (probably 2–5 days) yellowtail
(Fujioka et al. 1988 ; Sakata et al. 1989 ; Fouz et al. 1991 ).
Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae