379
Antimicrobial Compounds Control of clinical cases of ERM may be mediated by
means of antimicrobial compounds, including sulphamerazine and oxytetracycline
(Rucker 1966 ), methylene blue and oxytetracycline (Llewellyn 1980 ), potentiated
sulphonamides (Bullock et al. 1983 ), tiamulin (Bosse and Post 1983 ) and oxolinic
acid (Rodgers and Austin 1982 ). Early success was obtained by administering medicated diet containing sulphamerazine (200 mg/kg body weight of fi sh/day for 3 days;
Rucker 1966 ; Klontz and Huddleston 1976 ), followed by oxytetracycline (50 mg/kg
body weight of fi sh/day for 3 days). A parallel therapy worked against salmonid
blood spot (Llewellyn 1980 ). This involved treatment with methylene blue dosed at
1 g of dye/kg of food for 5 days), followed by oxytetracycline (66 mg/kg body
weight of fi sh/day for 10 days) and then a repeat dose of methylene blue. Llewellyn
( 1980 ) reported that in hatchery conditions, the disease cleared up in 10 to 14 days.
Two groups of workers demonstrated success with potentiated sulphonamides.
Bullock et al. ( 1983 ) described the benefi cial effects of a mixture of sulphadimethoxime and ormetroprim, dosed at 50 mg/kg body weight of fi sh/day for 5 days, whereas
Bosse and Post ( 1983 ) discussed the usefulness of a combination of sulphadiazine
and trimethoprim at the very low dose of 1 mg/kg body weight of fi sh/day for 14
days. This latter group also emphasised the benefi t of using tiamulin at 5 mg/kg
body weight of fi sh/day for 14 days. Finally, on the basis of laboratory experiments,
Rodgers and Austin ( 1982 ) reported the effectiveness of oxolinic acid (10 mg/kg
body weight of fi sh/day for 10 days). Unfortunately, the presence of R plasmids may
reduce the effect of some antibiotics (De Grandis and Stevenson 1985 ).
References
Abayneh T, Colquhoun DJ, Sørum H (2012) Edwardsiella piscicida sp. nov., a novel species
pathogenic to fi sh. J Appl Microbiol 114:644–654
Abayneh T, Colquhoun DJ, Austin D, Sørum H (2014) Multilocus variable number tandem repeat
analysis of Edwardsiella piscicida isolates pathogenic to fi sh. J Fish Dis 37:941–948
Acosta F, Real F, Caballero MJ, Sieiro C, Fernández A, Rodríguez LA (2002) Evaluation of immunohistochemical and microbiological methods for the diagnosis of brown trout infected with
Hafnia alvei . J Aquat Anim Health 14:77–83
Ainsworth AJ, Capley G, Waterstreet P, Munson D (1986) Use of monoclonal antibodies in the
indirect fl uorescent antibody technique (IFA) for the diagnosis of Edwardsiella ictaluri . J Fish
Dis 9:439–444
Alcaide E, Herraiz S, Esteve C (2006) Occurrence of Edwardsiella tarda in wild European eels
Anguilla anguilla from Mediterranean Spain. Dis Aquat Organ 73:77–81
Alejandro-Buentello J, Gatlin DM III (2001) Effects of elevated dietary arginine on resistance of
channel catfi sh to exposure to Edwardsiella ictaluri . J Aquat Anim Health 13:194–201
Allen DA, Austin B, Colwell RR (1983) Numerical taxonomy of bacterial isolates associated with
a freshwater fi shery. J Gen Microbiol 129:2043–2062
Altinok I, Grizzle JM (2001a) Effects of salinity on Yersinia ruckeri infection of rainbow trout and
brown trout. J Aqua Anim Health 13:334–339
Altinok I, Grizzle JM, Liu Z (2001b) Detection of Yersinia ruckeri in rainbow trout blood by the
polymerase chain reaction. Dis Aquat Organ 44:29–34
References
Antimicrobial Compounds Control of clinical cases of ERM may be mediated by
means of antimicrobial compounds, including sulphamerazine and oxytetracycline
(Rucker 1966 ), methylene blue and oxytetracycline (Llewellyn 1980 ), potentiated
sulphonamides (Bullock et al. 1983 ), tiamulin (Bosse and Post 1983 ) and oxolinic
acid (Rodgers and Austin 1982 ). Early success was obtained by administering medicated diet containing sulphamerazine (200 mg/kg body weight of fi sh/day for 3 days;
Rucker 1966 ; Klontz and Huddleston 1976 ), followed by oxytetracycline (50 mg/kg
body weight of fi sh/day for 3 days). A parallel therapy worked against salmonid
blood spot (Llewellyn 1980 ). This involved treatment with methylene blue dosed at
1 g of dye/kg of food for 5 days), followed by oxytetracycline (66 mg/kg body
weight of fi sh/day for 10 days) and then a repeat dose of methylene blue. Llewellyn
( 1980 ) reported that in hatchery conditions, the disease cleared up in 10 to 14 days.
Two groups of workers demonstrated success with potentiated sulphonamides.
Bullock et al. ( 1983 ) described the benefi cial effects of a mixture of sulphadimethoxime and ormetroprim, dosed at 50 mg/kg body weight of fi sh/day for 5 days, whereas
Bosse and Post ( 1983 ) discussed the usefulness of a combination of sulphadiazine
and trimethoprim at the very low dose of 1 mg/kg body weight of fi sh/day for 14
days. This latter group also emphasised the benefi t of using tiamulin at 5 mg/kg
body weight of fi sh/day for 14 days. Finally, on the basis of laboratory experiments,
Rodgers and Austin ( 1982 ) reported the effectiveness of oxolinic acid (10 mg/kg
body weight of fi sh/day for 10 days). Unfortunately, the presence of R plasmids may
reduce the effect of some antibiotics (De Grandis and Stevenson 1985 ).
References
Abayneh T, Colquhoun DJ, Sørum H (2012) Edwardsiella piscicida sp. nov., a novel species
pathogenic to fi sh. J Appl Microbiol 114:644–654
Abayneh T, Colquhoun DJ, Austin D, Sørum H (2014) Multilocus variable number tandem repeat
analysis of Edwardsiella piscicida isolates pathogenic to fi sh. J Fish Dis 37:941–948
Acosta F, Real F, Caballero MJ, Sieiro C, Fernández A, Rodríguez LA (2002) Evaluation of immunohistochemical and microbiological methods for the diagnosis of brown trout infected with
Hafnia alvei . J Aquat Anim Health 14:77–83
Ainsworth AJ, Capley G, Waterstreet P, Munson D (1986) Use of monoclonal antibodies in the
indirect fl uorescent antibody technique (IFA) for the diagnosis of Edwardsiella ictaluri . J Fish
Dis 9:439–444
Alcaide E, Herraiz S, Esteve C (2006) Occurrence of Edwardsiella tarda in wild European eels
Anguilla anguilla from Mediterranean Spain. Dis Aquat Organ 73:77–81
Alejandro-Buentello J, Gatlin DM III (2001) Effects of elevated dietary arginine on resistance of
channel catfi sh to exposure to Edwardsiella ictaluri . J Aquat Anim Health 13:194–201
Allen DA, Austin B, Colwell RR (1983) Numerical taxonomy of bacterial isolates associated with
a freshwater fi shery. J Gen Microbiol 129:2043–2062
Altinok I, Grizzle JM (2001a) Effects of salinity on Yersinia ruckeri infection of rainbow trout and
brown trout. J Aqua Anim Health 13:334–339
Altinok I, Grizzle JM, Liu Z (2001b) Detection of Yersinia ruckeri in rainbow trout blood by the
polymerase chain reaction. Dis Aquat Organ 44:29–34
References