295
1998 ). Use of ß-1,3- glucan and chitosan for 30 min immersion in 100 μg/ml or as
single i.p. injections with 100 μg led to protection in brook trout against Aer. salmonicida from 1 to 3 days after administration (Anderson and Siwicki 1994 ), with
the former reducing the infl ammatory response (in common carp) (Falco et al.
2012 ). Generally, injection was superior to immersion (Anderson and Siwicki
1994 ). Furthermore, dietary glucan, which was fed at 6 mg/kg body weight/day for
14 days, stimulated C-reactive protein and complement in common carp during
experimental infection with Aer. salmonicida (Pionnier et al. 2013 ).
The potential for use of plant products was demonstrated by Breyer et al. ( 2015 ),
who reported the benefi t of using 0.5–1.0 % of garlic ( Allium sativum ) extract to
control a Aer. salmonicida challenge in rainbow trout.
The potential benefi t of vitamin B 6 as a nutritional supplement for Atlantic
salmon has been examined, albeit without success (Albrektsen et al. 1995 ). Thus,
fi sh of 14 g weight were fed with diets supplemented with 0–160 mg of vitamin B 6 /
kg of feed for 20 weeks. However, challenge with Aer. salmonicida revealed that
increased dietary levels of vitamin B 6 did not increase resistance to furunculosis.
Synergism between low levels of iron and high amounts of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids led to and RPS of 70 after challenge with Aer. salmonicida
(Rørvik et al. 2003 ).
Probiotics An isolate of V. alginolyticus, previously used as probiotic in Ecuadorian
shrimp hatcheries, has been effective at controlling diseases caused by Aer. salmonicida (Austin et al. 1995 ).
Bacteriophage Consideration has been given to the use of bacteriophages for biocontrol purposes. In this connection a representative of the Myoviridae , which was
recovered from sediment in a rainbow trout farm in Korea, demonstrated broad host
range across the taxonomic divide of Aer. salmonicida, and was considered for use
in aquaculture (Kim et al. 2012 ). Moreover, bacteriophage PAS-1 was administered
to rainbow trout, and demonstrated the ability to protect the fi sh against virulent
cells of the pathogen. Furthermore, the virions were cleared from the fi sh within
200 h of administration (Kim et al. 2015 ).
Disinfection Methods Adequate husbandry practices such as maintenance of good
water quality, disinfection of fi sh farm equipment and utensils especially when disease outbreaks occur, and routine disinfection policies for eggs upon arrival at
receiving sites (Herman 1972 ; McCarthy and Roberts 1980 ).
Use of Antimicrobial Compounds A variety of inhibitory agents have been
applied with varying degrees of success to the treatment of furunculosis. Early studies established that sulphonamides, notably sulphamerazine, were successful in
controlling furunculosis when administered orally with food at a dose of 22 g of
drug/100 kg of fi sh/day (Gutsell 1946 ; Snieszko 1958a ). Among the antibiotics,
Snieszko ( 1958a ) showed the usefulness of chloramphenicol and oxytetracycline,
when dosed at 5–7 g/100 kg of fi sh/day. Furazolidone was also briefl y mentioned as
Aeromonas salmonicida
1998 ). Use of ß-1,3- glucan and chitosan for 30 min immersion in 100 μg/ml or as
single i.p. injections with 100 μg led to protection in brook trout against Aer. salmonicida from 1 to 3 days after administration (Anderson and Siwicki 1994 ), with
the former reducing the infl ammatory response (in common carp) (Falco et al.
2012 ). Generally, injection was superior to immersion (Anderson and Siwicki
1994 ). Furthermore, dietary glucan, which was fed at 6 mg/kg body weight/day for
14 days, stimulated C-reactive protein and complement in common carp during
experimental infection with Aer. salmonicida (Pionnier et al. 2013 ).
The potential for use of plant products was demonstrated by Breyer et al. ( 2015 ),
who reported the benefi t of using 0.5–1.0 % of garlic ( Allium sativum ) extract to
control a Aer. salmonicida challenge in rainbow trout.
The potential benefi t of vitamin B 6 as a nutritional supplement for Atlantic
salmon has been examined, albeit without success (Albrektsen et al. 1995 ). Thus,
fi sh of 14 g weight were fed with diets supplemented with 0–160 mg of vitamin B 6 /
kg of feed for 20 weeks. However, challenge with Aer. salmonicida revealed that
increased dietary levels of vitamin B 6 did not increase resistance to furunculosis.
Synergism between low levels of iron and high amounts of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids led to and RPS of 70 after challenge with Aer. salmonicida
(Rørvik et al. 2003 ).
Probiotics An isolate of V. alginolyticus, previously used as probiotic in Ecuadorian
shrimp hatcheries, has been effective at controlling diseases caused by Aer. salmonicida (Austin et al. 1995 ).
Bacteriophage Consideration has been given to the use of bacteriophages for biocontrol purposes. In this connection a representative of the Myoviridae , which was
recovered from sediment in a rainbow trout farm in Korea, demonstrated broad host
range across the taxonomic divide of Aer. salmonicida, and was considered for use
in aquaculture (Kim et al. 2012 ). Moreover, bacteriophage PAS-1 was administered
to rainbow trout, and demonstrated the ability to protect the fi sh against virulent
cells of the pathogen. Furthermore, the virions were cleared from the fi sh within
200 h of administration (Kim et al. 2015 ).
Disinfection Methods Adequate husbandry practices such as maintenance of good
water quality, disinfection of fi sh farm equipment and utensils especially when disease outbreaks occur, and routine disinfection policies for eggs upon arrival at
receiving sites (Herman 1972 ; McCarthy and Roberts 1980 ).
Use of Antimicrobial Compounds A variety of inhibitory agents have been
applied with varying degrees of success to the treatment of furunculosis. Early studies established that sulphonamides, notably sulphamerazine, were successful in
controlling furunculosis when administered orally with food at a dose of 22 g of
drug/100 kg of fi sh/day (Gutsell 1946 ; Snieszko 1958a ). Among the antibiotics,
Snieszko ( 1958a ) showed the usefulness of chloramphenicol and oxytetracycline,
when dosed at 5–7 g/100 kg of fi sh/day. Furazolidone was also briefl y mentioned as
Aeromonas salmonicida