292
opment, Hastings and Ellis ( 1988 ) recorded that rainbow trout responded to
A-protein and LPS O-antigen and some of the components of the ECP (including
proteases; Ellis et al. 1988b ). So, it is not surprising that Shieh ( 1985 ) demonstrated
protection with protease fractions. Others have also demonstrated that the A-layer
protein is an important protective antigen in non-oily Montanide adjuvanted injectable whole cell inactivated vaccines (RPS = 51–78 %), with preparations without
A-layer lacking effi cacy in Atlantic salmon, as did those with purifi ed LPS. Again,
there was no correlation between protection and antibody production (Lund et al.
2003a ). Interestingly with atypical Aer. salmonicida and Atlantic cod, there was a
correlation reported between vaccine effi cacy and the presence of cross-reacting
LPS-specifi c antibodies (Lund et al. 2008a ). Furthermore, Villumsen et al. ( 2012 )
reported a correlation between antibody titre, which were measured with an ELISA,
and protection 18-weeks after vaccination of rainbow trout with an oil-adjuvanted
vaccine. Yet within 3-days of challenge, there was a signifi cant decrease in antibody
titre, but nevertheless, it was concluded that antibodies have an important and central role in explaining the protective nature of vaccines in rainbow trout. The correlation between antigen dose in the vaccine, antibody titre as determined by ELISA,
and protection against challenge was further reinforced by Romstad et al. ( 2012 ,
2013 ).
Striving to protect spotted wolffi sh against atypical Aer. salmonicida, Lund et al.
( 2003b ) confi rmed the need for A-layer in vaccine preparations, but highlighted the
necessity of incorporating atypical rather than typical cells (RPS = 82–95 %) . The
explanation given was that atypical Aer. salmonicida had genetically (by AFLP) and
serological different A-layer than their typical counterparts (Lund et al. ( 2003b ).
Unfortunately, the desired immersion vaccination strategy did not work insofar as
high levels of mortalities resulted after challenge, even when adopting an immersion boost (Grøntvedt et al. 2004 ). A later publication by Lund et al. ( 2008a )
reinforced the importance of A-layer in vaccine preparations designed to protect
Atlantic cod against atypical isolates. This group used oil adjuvanted preparations
administered by i.p. injection containing formalised cultures with different cell surface components, specifi cally A-layer (including an A
− isolate with re-attached
A-protein) and LPS. The outcome was that whole cell preparations with A-layer
elicited better protection than those without. The nature of the host on the success
of the product has been demonstrated in a comparison of a whole cell atypical
furunculosis product in spotted wolffi sh ( Anarhichas minor ) and Atlantic halibut
( Hippoglossus hippoglossus ) (Lund et al. 2008b ). Using genetically-different
A-layer proteins, it was determined that only vaccines containing whole cells were
reattached A-layer protein genetically homologous with the challenge strain resulted
in protection comparable with the homologous vaccine (Arnesen et al. 2010 ).
Researchers should consider the interesting work of Olivier et al. ( 1985b ), who
noted protection to Aer. salmonicida in coho salmon after i.p. injection of formalised
cells as well as after injection with FCA. Undoubtedly, the use of adjuvant stimulated non-specifi c immunity, probably involving macrophage activity. Certainly, i.p.
injection has led to activation of leucocytes (Köllner and Kotterba 2002 ). From the
5 Aeromonadaceae Representative (Aeromonas salmonicida)
opment, Hastings and Ellis ( 1988 ) recorded that rainbow trout responded to
A-protein and LPS O-antigen and some of the components of the ECP (including
proteases; Ellis et al. 1988b ). So, it is not surprising that Shieh ( 1985 ) demonstrated
protection with protease fractions. Others have also demonstrated that the A-layer
protein is an important protective antigen in non-oily Montanide adjuvanted injectable whole cell inactivated vaccines (RPS = 51–78 %), with preparations without
A-layer lacking effi cacy in Atlantic salmon, as did those with purifi ed LPS. Again,
there was no correlation between protection and antibody production (Lund et al.
2003a ). Interestingly with atypical Aer. salmonicida and Atlantic cod, there was a
correlation reported between vaccine effi cacy and the presence of cross-reacting
LPS-specifi c antibodies (Lund et al. 2008a ). Furthermore, Villumsen et al. ( 2012 )
reported a correlation between antibody titre, which were measured with an ELISA,
and protection 18-weeks after vaccination of rainbow trout with an oil-adjuvanted
vaccine. Yet within 3-days of challenge, there was a signifi cant decrease in antibody
titre, but nevertheless, it was concluded that antibodies have an important and central role in explaining the protective nature of vaccines in rainbow trout. The correlation between antigen dose in the vaccine, antibody titre as determined by ELISA,
and protection against challenge was further reinforced by Romstad et al. ( 2012 ,
2013 ).
Striving to protect spotted wolffi sh against atypical Aer. salmonicida, Lund et al.
( 2003b ) confi rmed the need for A-layer in vaccine preparations, but highlighted the
necessity of incorporating atypical rather than typical cells (RPS = 82–95 %) . The
explanation given was that atypical Aer. salmonicida had genetically (by AFLP) and
serological different A-layer than their typical counterparts (Lund et al. ( 2003b ).
Unfortunately, the desired immersion vaccination strategy did not work insofar as
high levels of mortalities resulted after challenge, even when adopting an immersion boost (Grøntvedt et al. 2004 ). A later publication by Lund et al. ( 2008a )
reinforced the importance of A-layer in vaccine preparations designed to protect
Atlantic cod against atypical isolates. This group used oil adjuvanted preparations
administered by i.p. injection containing formalised cultures with different cell surface components, specifi cally A-layer (including an A
− isolate with re-attached
A-protein) and LPS. The outcome was that whole cell preparations with A-layer
elicited better protection than those without. The nature of the host on the success
of the product has been demonstrated in a comparison of a whole cell atypical
furunculosis product in spotted wolffi sh ( Anarhichas minor ) and Atlantic halibut
( Hippoglossus hippoglossus ) (Lund et al. 2008b ). Using genetically-different
A-layer proteins, it was determined that only vaccines containing whole cells were
reattached A-layer protein genetically homologous with the challenge strain resulted
in protection comparable with the homologous vaccine (Arnesen et al. 2010 ).
Researchers should consider the interesting work of Olivier et al. ( 1985b ), who
noted protection to Aer. salmonicida in coho salmon after i.p. injection of formalised
cells as well as after injection with FCA. Undoubtedly, the use of adjuvant stimulated non-specifi c immunity, probably involving macrophage activity. Certainly, i.p.
injection has led to activation of leucocytes (Köllner and Kotterba 2002 ). From the
5 Aeromonadaceae Representative (Aeromonas salmonicida)