order to evaluate their tolerance capacity. With a less-controlled environment, the
development of an innovative, efficient and cost-effective harvesting process is
highly required. In addition, studies with life cycle assessment for economic viability, carbon footprint and sustainability should be performed.
6 Conclusions
The continuous growth of population and energy needs of the industry and transport
sectors increased interest in the use of renewable energy sources. Besides not being
renewable sources, fossil fuel energy (oil, coal and natural gas) emits considerable
Table 2 Biofuel production with microalgae cultivated in wastewater
Biofuel/
microalgae
Experimental setup
P (mg/L/d)/BFC
Reference
Biogas/
Scenedesmus
sp.
Swine wastewater; V = 16.9 L;
T = 22 ± 2 °C; LI = 148.5 µmol/
m
2
/s; LDR = 12:12 and 24:0
P x = 142.0
Prandini
et al.
(2016)
Biogas and
lipids/mix of
microalgae
Slaughterhouse wastewater; HRAP;
V = 75 L; T = 20–25 °C; LI = 63–
760 µmol/m
2
/s; HRT = 10–15 d
P x = 1.05–2.56;
P L = 13–15/142 mg
FFA/g; 195 mL CH 4 /g
Hernandez
et al.
(2016)
Biodiesel/
Chlorella sp.
Domestic wastewater; HRAP;
T = 20.2 ± 5.7 °C; pH = 12;
LDR = 8:16
P x = n.a./SFA = 46–
67%; UFA = 10–40%
Drira et al.
(2016)
Biodiesel/
Scenedesmus
dimorphus
Brewery wastewater; bubble column
PBR; V = 250 mL; LI = 100 µmol/
m
2
/s; LDR = 24:0; CT = 12 d
P x = n.a./SFA = 31–
37%; UFA = 62–68%
Lutzu et al.
(2016)
Biodiesel/
Scenedesmus
obliquus
Municipal wastewater; Erlenmeyer
flasks; V = 1 L; T = 25 ± 1 °C;
LI = 100 µmol/m
2
/s; LDR = 12:12
P x = 4.8–7.5;
P L = 0.44–1.98/
SFA = 27–41%;
UFA = 10–26%
Han et al.
(2016)
Biogas/
Chlorella
vulgarıs
Domestic wastewater; bubble column
PBR; V = 40 L; pH = 6;
LI = 150 µmol/m
2
/s; LDR = 24:0;
CT = 21 d
P x = n.a./223–408 mL
CH 4 /g
Calicioglu
and
Demirer
(2016)
Biomass/
Acutodesmus
dimorphus
Industrial wastewater; Erlenmeyer
flasks; V = 1 L; T = 35 °C;
LI = 60 µmol/m
2
/s; LDR = 12:12;
CT = 8 d
P x = 210; LC = 25.05% Chokshi
et al.
(2016)
Lipids/
Scenedesmus
obliquus
Domestic wastewater; raceway pond;
V = 533 L; pH = 8; CT = 5 d
P x = 87.3; LC = 33.6% Arbib et al.
(2017)
BFC biofuel characteristics; FFA free fatty acids; HRAP high-rate algal ponds; HRT hydraulic
retention time; LDR light–dark ratio; LC lipids content; LI light intensity; n.a. not available;
P productivity; P L lipid productivity; P X biomass productivity; SFA saturated fatty acids;
T temperature; UFA unsaturated fatty acids; V volume
3 Process Integration Applied to Microalgal Biofuels Production
51
development of an innovative, efficient and cost-effective harvesting process is
highly required. In addition, studies with life cycle assessment for economic viability, carbon footprint and sustainability should be performed.
6 Conclusions
The continuous growth of population and energy needs of the industry and transport
sectors increased interest in the use of renewable energy sources. Besides not being
renewable sources, fossil fuel energy (oil, coal and natural gas) emits considerable
Table 2 Biofuel production with microalgae cultivated in wastewater
Biofuel/
microalgae
Experimental setup
P (mg/L/d)/BFC
Reference
Biogas/
Scenedesmus
sp.
Swine wastewater; V = 16.9 L;
T = 22 ± 2 °C; LI = 148.5 µmol/
m
2
/s; LDR = 12:12 and 24:0
P x = 142.0
Prandini
et al.
(2016)
Biogas and
lipids/mix of
microalgae
Slaughterhouse wastewater; HRAP;
V = 75 L; T = 20–25 °C; LI = 63–
760 µmol/m
2
/s; HRT = 10–15 d
P x = 1.05–2.56;
P L = 13–15/142 mg
FFA/g; 195 mL CH 4 /g
Hernandez
et al.
(2016)
Biodiesel/
Chlorella sp.
Domestic wastewater; HRAP;
T = 20.2 ± 5.7 °C; pH = 12;
LDR = 8:16
P x = n.a./SFA = 46–
67%; UFA = 10–40%
Drira et al.
(2016)
Biodiesel/
Scenedesmus
dimorphus
Brewery wastewater; bubble column
PBR; V = 250 mL; LI = 100 µmol/
m
2
/s; LDR = 24:0; CT = 12 d
P x = n.a./SFA = 31–
37%; UFA = 62–68%
Lutzu et al.
(2016)
Biodiesel/
Scenedesmus
obliquus
Municipal wastewater; Erlenmeyer
flasks; V = 1 L; T = 25 ± 1 °C;
LI = 100 µmol/m
2
/s; LDR = 12:12
P x = 4.8–7.5;
P L = 0.44–1.98/
SFA = 27–41%;
UFA = 10–26%
Han et al.
(2016)
Biogas/
Chlorella
vulgarıs
Domestic wastewater; bubble column
PBR; V = 40 L; pH = 6;
LI = 150 µmol/m
2
/s; LDR = 24:0;
CT = 21 d
P x = n.a./223–408 mL
CH 4 /g
Calicioglu
and
Demirer
(2016)
Biomass/
Acutodesmus
dimorphus
Industrial wastewater; Erlenmeyer
flasks; V = 1 L; T = 35 °C;
LI = 60 µmol/m
2
/s; LDR = 12:12;
CT = 8 d
P x = 210; LC = 25.05% Chokshi
et al.
(2016)
Lipids/
Scenedesmus
obliquus
Domestic wastewater; raceway pond;
V = 533 L; pH = 8; CT = 5 d
P x = 87.3; LC = 33.6% Arbib et al.
(2017)
BFC biofuel characteristics; FFA free fatty acids; HRAP high-rate algal ponds; HRT hydraulic
retention time; LDR light–dark ratio; LC lipids content; LI light intensity; n.a. not available;
P productivity; P L lipid productivity; P X biomass productivity; SFA saturated fatty acids;
T temperature; UFA unsaturated fatty acids; V volume
3 Process Integration Applied to Microalgal Biofuels Production
51