9 Conclusion
Given the high energy requirements presented by this type of processes, it is
necessary to look others alternatives that allow the reduction of energy consumption
in the culture and harvesting of microalgae and oil extraction stages. This can be
achieved through the implementation of other technologies that allow carrying out
the same process, but which require low energy consumption. In this way, a
reduction in the energy requirements of the process and thus in the costs of profits
can be achieved, which is reflected directly in the cost of production.
The application of energy and exergetic analysis was presented as a powerful
tool for the determination of inefficiencies in this type of processes. Here the major
irreversibilities are presented in the extraction of the oil due to the cellular lysis that
must be made for the obtaining of the same, which makes this stage of the process
present the greatest irreversibilities.
References
Abad, S., & Turon, X. (2012). Valorization of biodiesel derived glycerol as a carbon source to
obtain added-value metabolites: Focus on polyunsaturated fatty acids. Biotechnology
Advances, 30(3), 733–741.
Adam, F., Abert-Vian, M., Peltier, G., & Chemat, F. (2012). “Solvent-free” ultrasound-assisted
extraction of lipids from fresh microalgae cells: A green, clean and scalable process.
Bioresource Technology, 114, 457–465.
Bambase, M. E., Nakamura, N., Tanaka, J., & Matsumura, M. (2007). Kinetics of
hydroxide-catalyzed methanolysis of crude sunflower oil for the production of fuel-grade
methyl esters. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, 82(3), 273–280.
Barros, A. I., Gonçalves, A. L., Simões, M., & Pires, J. C. M. (2015). Harvesting techniques
applied to microalgae: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 41, 1489–1500.
Becker, E. (1994). Microalgae—biotechnology and microbiology. Journal of Experimental
Marine Biology and Ecology, 183, 300–301.
Bilad, M. R., Vandamme, D., Foubert, I., Muylaert, K., & Vankelecom, I. F. J. (2012). Harvesting
microalgal biomass using submerged microfiltration membranes. Bioresource Technology,
111, 343–352.
Bosma, R., Van Spronsen, W. A., Tramper, J., & Wijffels, R. H. (2003). Ultrasound, a new
separation technique to harvest microalgae. Journal of Applied Phycology, 15(2–3), 143–153.
Bumbak, F., Cook, S., Zachleder, V., Hauser, S., & Kovar, K. (2011). Best practices in
heterotrophic high-cell-density microalgal processes: Achievements, potential and possible
limitations. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-0113311-6.
Cerón-Salazar, I., & Cardona-Alzate, C. (2011). Integral evaluation process for obtaining pectin
and essential oil from orange peel. Inginería y Ciencia, 7(13), 1794–9165.
Chen, C. Y., Yeh, K. L., Aisyah, R., Lee, D. J., & Chang, J. S. (2011). Cultivation,
photobioreactor design and harvesting of microalgae for biodiesel production: A critical
review. Bioresource Technology, 102(1), 71–81.
Chen, F. (1996). High cell density culture of microalgae in heterotrophic growth. Trends in
Biotechnology, 14(11), 421–426.
Chisti, Y. (2007). Biodiesel from microalgae. Biotechnology Advances, 25(3), 294–306.
9 Biofuels from Microalgae: Energy and Exergy Analysis for the …
197
Given the high energy requirements presented by this type of processes, it is
necessary to look others alternatives that allow the reduction of energy consumption
in the culture and harvesting of microalgae and oil extraction stages. This can be
achieved through the implementation of other technologies that allow carrying out
the same process, but which require low energy consumption. In this way, a
reduction in the energy requirements of the process and thus in the costs of profits
can be achieved, which is reflected directly in the cost of production.
The application of energy and exergetic analysis was presented as a powerful
tool for the determination of inefficiencies in this type of processes. Here the major
irreversibilities are presented in the extraction of the oil due to the cellular lysis that
must be made for the obtaining of the same, which makes this stage of the process
present the greatest irreversibilities.
References
Abad, S., & Turon, X. (2012). Valorization of biodiesel derived glycerol as a carbon source to
obtain added-value metabolites: Focus on polyunsaturated fatty acids. Biotechnology
Advances, 30(3), 733–741.
Adam, F., Abert-Vian, M., Peltier, G., & Chemat, F. (2012). “Solvent-free” ultrasound-assisted
extraction of lipids from fresh microalgae cells: A green, clean and scalable process.
Bioresource Technology, 114, 457–465.
Bambase, M. E., Nakamura, N., Tanaka, J., & Matsumura, M. (2007). Kinetics of
hydroxide-catalyzed methanolysis of crude sunflower oil for the production of fuel-grade
methyl esters. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, 82(3), 273–280.
Barros, A. I., Gonçalves, A. L., Simões, M., & Pires, J. C. M. (2015). Harvesting techniques
applied to microalgae: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 41, 1489–1500.
Becker, E. (1994). Microalgae—biotechnology and microbiology. Journal of Experimental
Marine Biology and Ecology, 183, 300–301.
Bilad, M. R., Vandamme, D., Foubert, I., Muylaert, K., & Vankelecom, I. F. J. (2012). Harvesting
microalgal biomass using submerged microfiltration membranes. Bioresource Technology,
111, 343–352.
Bosma, R., Van Spronsen, W. A., Tramper, J., & Wijffels, R. H. (2003). Ultrasound, a new
separation technique to harvest microalgae. Journal of Applied Phycology, 15(2–3), 143–153.
Bumbak, F., Cook, S., Zachleder, V., Hauser, S., & Kovar, K. (2011). Best practices in
heterotrophic high-cell-density microalgal processes: Achievements, potential and possible
limitations. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-0113311-6.
Cerón-Salazar, I., & Cardona-Alzate, C. (2011). Integral evaluation process for obtaining pectin
and essential oil from orange peel. Inginería y Ciencia, 7(13), 1794–9165.
Chen, C. Y., Yeh, K. L., Aisyah, R., Lee, D. J., & Chang, J. S. (2011). Cultivation,
photobioreactor design and harvesting of microalgae for biodiesel production: A critical
review. Bioresource Technology, 102(1), 71–81.
Chen, F. (1996). High cell density culture of microalgae in heterotrophic growth. Trends in
Biotechnology, 14(11), 421–426.
Chisti, Y. (2007). Biodiesel from microalgae. Biotechnology Advances, 25(3), 294–306.
9 Biofuels from Microalgae: Energy and Exergy Analysis for the …
197