assessments to a certain extent. Additionally, the cost of land should also be taken
into consideration.
Life cycle assessment (LCA) integrated with TEA modeling is a useful tool to
assess the impact of the microalgal biofuel manufacturing process over the lifecycle. In 2016, a cohesive prototype for algal biofuel synthesis was reported by
Dutta et al. (2016), which assists in running a life cycle valuation and a financial
practicability scrutiny, aimed at the large-scale solicitation for economic implementation of the translation routes of microalgae-derived biofuel production. The
authors investigated the sustainability of microalgae-derived biofuel production of
transformation routes at University of Aveiro, Portugal, and at the National
Renewable Energy Laboratory, Colorado, USA, and have reported that the capital
value enhancement of coproducts is predominantly noteworthy because it augments
revenue which may be utilized to advance the closing fuel vending cost (Dutta et al.
2016). López-González et al. (2015) adopted concurrent differential scanning
calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) coupled with mass
spectrometry (MS), to simulate thermochemical performance and LCA to assess
environmental viability and monetary sustainability of the pyrolysis and combustion of microalgae and their oils, establishing economic feasibility of the microalgal
oil pyrolysis procedure at bulky manufacturing levels (López-González et al. 2015).
In contrast to the previous studies, Malik et al. (2015) used a cross-regional and
fiscal input–output prototype of Australia, supplemented with engineering course
statistics on algal bio-crude manufacturing to assume crossbreed life cycle evaluation for determining the primary and secondary effects of bio-crude synthesis. The
results demonstrate a net carbon-negative tendency of the algal bio-crude manufacturing method. Additionally, prospects of nearly 13,000 fresh jobs along with
USD 4 billion value of incentives are synonymous with manufacturing 1 million tons of bio-crude, thereby providing a boost to the economy (Malik et al.
2015). The challenge of LCA methods is that the variances in scheme restrictions
and the central LCA conventions will lead to dissimilar results. It is a fact that
alterable suppositions related to the coproduct distribution approaches, sourcing of
electrical energy, and life cycle catalogue information vividly influence outcomes.
Hence, any additional alteration in administering trails and impractical authentication of sub-processing prototypes, with small-scale statistics, will provide higher
erraticism in the reported outcomes (Quinn and Davis 2015).
Supplementary explorations have been directed utilizing process modeling as the
core. Delrue et al. (2012) focused on establishing a model with four assessment
norms: the net energy ratio (NER), manufacturing price of biodiesel, greenhouse gas
(GHG) release proportion, and water footmark, to evaluate the economic, sustainable, and energetic performance of biodiesel and other biofuel productions from
microalgae. They considered three processes: hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL), oil
emission, and alkane discharge and showed that HTL may be contemplated either as
a substitute to wet lipid isolation, and that lipid secretion is a better choice than the
typical lipid extraction process. Delrue et al. (2012) have also compared a
state-of-the-art trail (hybrid raceway/PBR cultivation scheme, belt filter press for
dewatering, wet lipid isolation, oil water handling and oxygen deprived residual
160
K. Peng et al.
into consideration.
Life cycle assessment (LCA) integrated with TEA modeling is a useful tool to
assess the impact of the microalgal biofuel manufacturing process over the lifecycle. In 2016, a cohesive prototype for algal biofuel synthesis was reported by
Dutta et al. (2016), which assists in running a life cycle valuation and a financial
practicability scrutiny, aimed at the large-scale solicitation for economic implementation of the translation routes of microalgae-derived biofuel production. The
authors investigated the sustainability of microalgae-derived biofuel production of
transformation routes at University of Aveiro, Portugal, and at the National
Renewable Energy Laboratory, Colorado, USA, and have reported that the capital
value enhancement of coproducts is predominantly noteworthy because it augments
revenue which may be utilized to advance the closing fuel vending cost (Dutta et al.
2016). López-González et al. (2015) adopted concurrent differential scanning
calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) coupled with mass
spectrometry (MS), to simulate thermochemical performance and LCA to assess
environmental viability and monetary sustainability of the pyrolysis and combustion of microalgae and their oils, establishing economic feasibility of the microalgal
oil pyrolysis procedure at bulky manufacturing levels (López-González et al. 2015).
In contrast to the previous studies, Malik et al. (2015) used a cross-regional and
fiscal input–output prototype of Australia, supplemented with engineering course
statistics on algal bio-crude manufacturing to assume crossbreed life cycle evaluation for determining the primary and secondary effects of bio-crude synthesis. The
results demonstrate a net carbon-negative tendency of the algal bio-crude manufacturing method. Additionally, prospects of nearly 13,000 fresh jobs along with
USD 4 billion value of incentives are synonymous with manufacturing 1 million tons of bio-crude, thereby providing a boost to the economy (Malik et al.
2015). The challenge of LCA methods is that the variances in scheme restrictions
and the central LCA conventions will lead to dissimilar results. It is a fact that
alterable suppositions related to the coproduct distribution approaches, sourcing of
electrical energy, and life cycle catalogue information vividly influence outcomes.
Hence, any additional alteration in administering trails and impractical authentication of sub-processing prototypes, with small-scale statistics, will provide higher
erraticism in the reported outcomes (Quinn and Davis 2015).
Supplementary explorations have been directed utilizing process modeling as the
core. Delrue et al. (2012) focused on establishing a model with four assessment
norms: the net energy ratio (NER), manufacturing price of biodiesel, greenhouse gas
(GHG) release proportion, and water footmark, to evaluate the economic, sustainable, and energetic performance of biodiesel and other biofuel productions from
microalgae. They considered three processes: hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL), oil
emission, and alkane discharge and showed that HTL may be contemplated either as
a substitute to wet lipid isolation, and that lipid secretion is a better choice than the
typical lipid extraction process. Delrue et al. (2012) have also compared a
state-of-the-art trail (hybrid raceway/PBR cultivation scheme, belt filter press for
dewatering, wet lipid isolation, oil water handling and oxygen deprived residual
160
K. Peng et al.