Table 4 Fractionation technics applications and advantages
Methods
Applications and other
advantages
Pre-fractioning
Polymers
(Cuellar-Bermudez et al.
2015; Grosso et al. 2015)
Aqueous two-phase system
(ATPS) separation: mix of a
polymer–polymer, polymer–
salt beyond a critical
concentration will form two
phases
For protein extraction and
purification
Alternative to
chromatography
Ionic liquids
(Grosso et al. 2015;
Suarez Ruiz et al. 2017)
Simple molten salts in forms
of cations and anions,
separate in hydrophilic and
hydrophobic phase
Applications for organic
synthesis, liquid-phase
extraction, and catalysis for
clean technology and
separations
Able for recycling with
minimum pollution
compared to organic
solvents
Separation of hydrophilic
(e.g., carbohydrates,
proteins) and hydrophobic
(e.g., pigments, lipids)
Novel approach: mix of
organic solvents (e.g., ethyl
acetate) and ionic liquids
Fractionation (Pei et al. 2010; Ranjith Kumar et al. 2015; Taher et al. 2014)
Membranes (Demmer et al.
2005; Gerardo et al. 2014;
Marcati et al. 2014; Safi
et al. 2014b; Schwenzfeier
et al. 2014, 2011; Van Reis
and Zydney 2001)
Separation of carbohydrates
and proteins and pigments
traces
Tangential flow presents the
advantages of fractionation
with different filter sizes,
from 1 to 1000 kDa, under
mild conditions
New developments of filter:
dead-end filtration with a
layer of specific ligands
(charged, hydrophobic,
hydrophilic) with the
objective to extract a precise
protein component; further
fractionation is possible
Resins (Bermejo et al. 2006;
Cuellar-Bermudez et al.
2015; Schwenzfeier et al.
2014)
Chromatographic separation
(size exclusion or ionic
exchange)
Protein mixture was
fractionated with ionic
exchange chromatography.
Technology mainly used for
high-value products in food/
health/cosmetics
Extraction
(Cuellar-Bermudez et al.
2015; Gilbert-López et al.
2015; Grosso et al. 2015;
Taher et al. 2014)
Solvent extraction or
supercritical fluids
Nanofiltration
Recent research points out
the supercritical fluids as a
promising technology for
scalable extraction of
pigments and lipids
108
P.-L. Gorry et al.
Methods
Applications and other
advantages
Pre-fractioning
Polymers
(Cuellar-Bermudez et al.
2015; Grosso et al. 2015)
Aqueous two-phase system
(ATPS) separation: mix of a
polymer–polymer, polymer–
salt beyond a critical
concentration will form two
phases
For protein extraction and
purification
Alternative to
chromatography
Ionic liquids
(Grosso et al. 2015;
Suarez Ruiz et al. 2017)
Simple molten salts in forms
of cations and anions,
separate in hydrophilic and
hydrophobic phase
Applications for organic
synthesis, liquid-phase
extraction, and catalysis for
clean technology and
separations
Able for recycling with
minimum pollution
compared to organic
solvents
Separation of hydrophilic
(e.g., carbohydrates,
proteins) and hydrophobic
(e.g., pigments, lipids)
Novel approach: mix of
organic solvents (e.g., ethyl
acetate) and ionic liquids
Fractionation (Pei et al. 2010; Ranjith Kumar et al. 2015; Taher et al. 2014)
Membranes (Demmer et al.
2005; Gerardo et al. 2014;
Marcati et al. 2014; Safi
et al. 2014b; Schwenzfeier
et al. 2014, 2011; Van Reis
and Zydney 2001)
Separation of carbohydrates
and proteins and pigments
traces
Tangential flow presents the
advantages of fractionation
with different filter sizes,
from 1 to 1000 kDa, under
mild conditions
New developments of filter:
dead-end filtration with a
layer of specific ligands
(charged, hydrophobic,
hydrophilic) with the
objective to extract a precise
protein component; further
fractionation is possible
Resins (Bermejo et al. 2006;
Cuellar-Bermudez et al.
2015; Schwenzfeier et al.
2014)
Chromatographic separation
(size exclusion or ionic
exchange)
Protein mixture was
fractionated with ionic
exchange chromatography.
Technology mainly used for
high-value products in food/
health/cosmetics
Extraction
(Cuellar-Bermudez et al.
2015; Gilbert-López et al.
2015; Grosso et al. 2015;
Taher et al. 2014)
Solvent extraction or
supercritical fluids
Nanofiltration
Recent research points out
the supercritical fluids as a
promising technology for
scalable extraction of
pigments and lipids
108
P.-L. Gorry et al.