Australia: evidence for past environmental stress? Coral Reefs,
22, 207–215.
Hopley, D., 1982. Geomorphology of the Great Barrier Reef:
Quaternary development of coral reefs. New York:
Wiley, 453 pp.
Hopley, D., and Barnes, R., 1985. Structure and development of
a windward fringing reef, Orpheus Island, Palm Group, Great
Barrier Reef. In 5th International Coral Reef Congress,
pp. 141–146.
Hopley, D., and Isdale, P., 1977. Coral micro-atolls, tropical
cyclones and reef flat morphology. A North Queensland example: Search, 8, 79–81.
Kench, P. S., Smithers, S. G., McLean, R. F., and Nichol, S. L.,
2009. Holocene reef growth in the Maldives: Evidence of
a mid-Holocene sea-level highstand in the central Indian Ocean.
Geology, 37, 455–458.
Konca, A. O., Avouac, J. P., Sladen, A., Meltzner, A. J., Sieh, K.,
Fang, P., Li, Z. H., Galetzka, J., Genrich, J., Chlieh, M.,
Natawidjaja, D. H., Bock, Y., Fielding, E. J., Ji, C., and
Helmberger, D. V., 2008. Partial rupture of a locked patch of
the Sumatra megathrust during the 2007 earthquake sequence.
Nature, 456, 631–635.
Kornicker, L. S., and Boyd, D. W., 1962. Shallow-water geology
and environments of Alacran reef complex, Campeche Bank,
Mexico. AAPG Bull, 46, 640–673.
Krempf, A., 1927. La forme des récifs coralliens et le régime des
vents alternants: Mem. Trav. Serv. Oceanogr. Indochine, 2,
1–33.
Larkum, A. W. D., and Steven, A. D. L., 1994. ENCORE: The effect
of nutrient enrichment on coral reefs. 1. Experimental design and
research programme. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 29(1–3),
112–120.
Natawidjaja, D. H., Sieh, K., Chlieh, M., Galetzka, J., Suwargadi,
B. W., Cheng, H., Edwards, R. L., Avouac, J. P., and Ward,
S. N., 2006. Source parameters of the great Sumatran
megathrust earthquakes of 1797 and 1833 inferred from coral
microatolls:Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth,
111, B06403.
Natawidjaja, D. H., Sieh, K., Galetzka, J., Suwargadi, B. W., Cheng,
H., Edwards, R. L., and Chlieh, M., 2007. Interseismic deformation above the Sunda Megathrust recorded in coral microatolls of
the Mentawai islands, West Sumatra. Journal of Geophysical
Research-Solid Earth, 112, B02404.
Natawidjaja, D. H., Sieh, K., Ward, S. N., Cheng, H., Edwards,
R. L., Galetzka, J., and Suwargadi, B. W., 2004. Paleogeodetic
records of seismic and aseismic subduction from central Sumatran microatolls, Indonesia. Journal of Geophysical ResearchSolid Earth, 109, B04306.
Nunn, P. D., 2000. Significance of emerged Holocene corals around
Ovalau and Moturiki islands, Fiji, southwest Pacific. Marine
Geology, 163, 345–351.
Rosen, B. R., 1978. Appendix: Determination of a collection of
coral microatoll specimens from the northern Great Barrier Reef.
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
Series B, 284, 115–122.
Roy, K. J., 1970. Change in bathymetric configuration, Kaneohe
Bay, Oahu, 1882–1969. Report HIG-70-15, Hawaii Institute of
Geophysics.
Scheer, G., 1971. Coral reefs and coral genera in the Red Sea and
Indian Ocean. Symposium of the Zoological Society of London,
28, 329–367.
Scoffin, T. P., and Stoddart, D. R., 1978. The nature and significance
of microatolls. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
of London Series B, 284, 99–122.
Semper, C., 1880. Die Naturlichen Existenzbedingungen der
Thiere. Leipzig.
Siegrist, H., and Randall, R. j., 1989. Sampling implications of stable isotope variation in Holocene reef corals from the Mariana
Islands. Micronesica, 22, 173–189.
Sieh, K., 2006. Sumatran megathrust earthquakes: from science to
saving lives. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
a-Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences, 364,
1947–1963.
Sieh, K., Natawidjaja, D. H., Meltzner, A. J., Shen, C. C., Cheng,
H., Li, K. S., Suwargadi, B. W., Galetzka, J., Philibosian, B.,
and Edwards, R. L., 2008. Earthquake Supercycles Inferred from
Sea-Level Changes Recorded in the Corals of West Sumatra.
Science, 322, 1674–1678.
Smithers, S. G., Hopley, D., and Parnell, K. E., 2006. Fringing and
nearshore coral reefs of the Great Barrier Reef: episodic Holocene development and future prospects. Journal of Coastal
Research, 22, 175–187.
Smithers, S. G., and Woodroffe, C. D., 2000. Microatolls as sealevel indicators on a mid-ocean atoll. Marine Geology, 168,
61–78.
Smithers, S. G., and Woodroffe, C. D., 2001. Coral microatolls and
20th century sea level in the eastern Indian Ocean. Earth & Planetary Science Letters, 191, 173–184.
Spencer, T., Tudhope, A. W., French, J. R., Scoffin, T. P., and
Utanga, A., 1997. Reconstructing sealevel change from coral
microatolls, Tongareva (Penrhyn) Atoll, northern Cook Islands.
In: Lessios, H. A., and Macintyre, I. G., (eds.), 8th International
Coral Reef Symposium. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama, pp. 489–494.
Stoddart, D. R., and Scoffin, T. P., 1979. Micro atolls: review
of form, origin and terminology. Atoll Research Bulletin, 224,
1–17.
Taylor, F., Frohlich, C., Lecolle, J., and Strecker, M., 1987. Analysis
of partially emerged corals and reef terraces in the central Vanuatu Arc: comparison of contemporary coseismic and nonseismic
with Quaternary vertical movements. Journal of Geophysical
Research, 92, 4905–4933.
Wood-Jones, F., 1910. Corals and atolls. London: Reeve.
Woodroffe, C. D., and Gagan, M. K., 2000. Coral microatolls from
the central Pacific record late Holocene El Niño. Geophysical
Research Letters, 27, 1511–1514.
Woodroffe, C. D., Kennedy, D. M., Hopley, D., Rasmussen, C. E.,
and Smithers, S. G., 2000. Holocene reef growth in Torres Strait.
Marine Geology, 170, 331–346.
Woodroffe, C. D., and McLean, R. F., 1990. Microatolls and recent
sea level change on coral atolls. Nature, 344, 531–534.
Yu, K. F., Zhao, J. X., Done, T., and Chen, T. G., 2009. Microatoll
record for large century-scale sea-level fluctuations in the midHolocene. Quaternary Research, 71, 354–360.
Zachariasen, J., Sieh, K., Taylor, F. W., and Hantoro, W. S., 2000.
Modern vertical deformation above the Sumatran subduction
zone: Paleogeodetic insights from coral microatolls. Bulletin of
the Seismological Society of America, 90, 897–913.
Cross-references
Atolls
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Earthquakes and Emergence or Submergence of Coral Reefs
El Niño, La Niña, and ENSO
Great Barrier Reef Committee
Moating
Paleoclimate from Corals
Radiocarbon (
14 C): Dating and Corals
Sea-level Indicators
Sclerochronology
Uranium Series Dating
696
MICROATOLL
22, 207–215.
Hopley, D., 1982. Geomorphology of the Great Barrier Reef:
Quaternary development of coral reefs. New York:
Wiley, 453 pp.
Hopley, D., and Barnes, R., 1985. Structure and development of
a windward fringing reef, Orpheus Island, Palm Group, Great
Barrier Reef. In 5th International Coral Reef Congress,
pp. 141–146.
Hopley, D., and Isdale, P., 1977. Coral micro-atolls, tropical
cyclones and reef flat morphology. A North Queensland example: Search, 8, 79–81.
Kench, P. S., Smithers, S. G., McLean, R. F., and Nichol, S. L.,
2009. Holocene reef growth in the Maldives: Evidence of
a mid-Holocene sea-level highstand in the central Indian Ocean.
Geology, 37, 455–458.
Konca, A. O., Avouac, J. P., Sladen, A., Meltzner, A. J., Sieh, K.,
Fang, P., Li, Z. H., Galetzka, J., Genrich, J., Chlieh, M.,
Natawidjaja, D. H., Bock, Y., Fielding, E. J., Ji, C., and
Helmberger, D. V., 2008. Partial rupture of a locked patch of
the Sumatra megathrust during the 2007 earthquake sequence.
Nature, 456, 631–635.
Kornicker, L. S., and Boyd, D. W., 1962. Shallow-water geology
and environments of Alacran reef complex, Campeche Bank,
Mexico. AAPG Bull, 46, 640–673.
Krempf, A., 1927. La forme des récifs coralliens et le régime des
vents alternants: Mem. Trav. Serv. Oceanogr. Indochine, 2,
1–33.
Larkum, A. W. D., and Steven, A. D. L., 1994. ENCORE: The effect
of nutrient enrichment on coral reefs. 1. Experimental design and
research programme. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 29(1–3),
112–120.
Natawidjaja, D. H., Sieh, K., Chlieh, M., Galetzka, J., Suwargadi,
B. W., Cheng, H., Edwards, R. L., Avouac, J. P., and Ward,
S. N., 2006. Source parameters of the great Sumatran
megathrust earthquakes of 1797 and 1833 inferred from coral
microatolls:Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth,
111, B06403.
Natawidjaja, D. H., Sieh, K., Galetzka, J., Suwargadi, B. W., Cheng,
H., Edwards, R. L., and Chlieh, M., 2007. Interseismic deformation above the Sunda Megathrust recorded in coral microatolls of
the Mentawai islands, West Sumatra. Journal of Geophysical
Research-Solid Earth, 112, B02404.
Natawidjaja, D. H., Sieh, K., Ward, S. N., Cheng, H., Edwards,
R. L., Galetzka, J., and Suwargadi, B. W., 2004. Paleogeodetic
records of seismic and aseismic subduction from central Sumatran microatolls, Indonesia. Journal of Geophysical ResearchSolid Earth, 109, B04306.
Nunn, P. D., 2000. Significance of emerged Holocene corals around
Ovalau and Moturiki islands, Fiji, southwest Pacific. Marine
Geology, 163, 345–351.
Rosen, B. R., 1978. Appendix: Determination of a collection of
coral microatoll specimens from the northern Great Barrier Reef.
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
Series B, 284, 115–122.
Roy, K. J., 1970. Change in bathymetric configuration, Kaneohe
Bay, Oahu, 1882–1969. Report HIG-70-15, Hawaii Institute of
Geophysics.
Scheer, G., 1971. Coral reefs and coral genera in the Red Sea and
Indian Ocean. Symposium of the Zoological Society of London,
28, 329–367.
Scoffin, T. P., and Stoddart, D. R., 1978. The nature and significance
of microatolls. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
of London Series B, 284, 99–122.
Semper, C., 1880. Die Naturlichen Existenzbedingungen der
Thiere. Leipzig.
Siegrist, H., and Randall, R. j., 1989. Sampling implications of stable isotope variation in Holocene reef corals from the Mariana
Islands. Micronesica, 22, 173–189.
Sieh, K., 2006. Sumatran megathrust earthquakes: from science to
saving lives. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
a-Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences, 364,
1947–1963.
Sieh, K., Natawidjaja, D. H., Meltzner, A. J., Shen, C. C., Cheng,
H., Li, K. S., Suwargadi, B. W., Galetzka, J., Philibosian, B.,
and Edwards, R. L., 2008. Earthquake Supercycles Inferred from
Sea-Level Changes Recorded in the Corals of West Sumatra.
Science, 322, 1674–1678.
Smithers, S. G., Hopley, D., and Parnell, K. E., 2006. Fringing and
nearshore coral reefs of the Great Barrier Reef: episodic Holocene development and future prospects. Journal of Coastal
Research, 22, 175–187.
Smithers, S. G., and Woodroffe, C. D., 2000. Microatolls as sealevel indicators on a mid-ocean atoll. Marine Geology, 168,
61–78.
Smithers, S. G., and Woodroffe, C. D., 2001. Coral microatolls and
20th century sea level in the eastern Indian Ocean. Earth & Planetary Science Letters, 191, 173–184.
Spencer, T., Tudhope, A. W., French, J. R., Scoffin, T. P., and
Utanga, A., 1997. Reconstructing sealevel change from coral
microatolls, Tongareva (Penrhyn) Atoll, northern Cook Islands.
In: Lessios, H. A., and Macintyre, I. G., (eds.), 8th International
Coral Reef Symposium. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama, pp. 489–494.
Stoddart, D. R., and Scoffin, T. P., 1979. Micro atolls: review
of form, origin and terminology. Atoll Research Bulletin, 224,
1–17.
Taylor, F., Frohlich, C., Lecolle, J., and Strecker, M., 1987. Analysis
of partially emerged corals and reef terraces in the central Vanuatu Arc: comparison of contemporary coseismic and nonseismic
with Quaternary vertical movements. Journal of Geophysical
Research, 92, 4905–4933.
Wood-Jones, F., 1910. Corals and atolls. London: Reeve.
Woodroffe, C. D., and Gagan, M. K., 2000. Coral microatolls from
the central Pacific record late Holocene El Niño. Geophysical
Research Letters, 27, 1511–1514.
Woodroffe, C. D., Kennedy, D. M., Hopley, D., Rasmussen, C. E.,
and Smithers, S. G., 2000. Holocene reef growth in Torres Strait.
Marine Geology, 170, 331–346.
Woodroffe, C. D., and McLean, R. F., 1990. Microatolls and recent
sea level change on coral atolls. Nature, 344, 531–534.
Yu, K. F., Zhao, J. X., Done, T., and Chen, T. G., 2009. Microatoll
record for large century-scale sea-level fluctuations in the midHolocene. Quaternary Research, 71, 354–360.
Zachariasen, J., Sieh, K., Taylor, F. W., and Hantoro, W. S., 2000.
Modern vertical deformation above the Sumatran subduction
zone: Paleogeodetic insights from coral microatolls. Bulletin of
the Seismological Society of America, 90, 897–913.
Cross-references
Atolls
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Earthquakes and Emergence or Submergence of Coral Reefs
El Niño, La Niña, and ENSO
Great Barrier Reef Committee
Moating
Paleoclimate from Corals
Radiocarbon (
14 C): Dating and Corals
Sea-level Indicators
Sclerochronology
Uranium Series Dating
696
MICROATOLL