Johnson, C. C., Sanders, D., Kauffman, E. G., and Hay, W. W.,
2002. Patterns and processes influencing Upper Cretaceous
reefs. In Kiessling, W., Flügel, E., Galonka, J. (eds.), Phanerozoic Reef Patterns. SEPM Special Publication, 72, pp. 549–585.
Kiessling, W., 2001. Phanerozoic reef trends based on the Paleoreef
database. In Stanley, G. D. Jr. (ed.), The History and Sedimentology of Ancient Reef Systems. New York: Academic/Plenum
Publishers, pp. 41–88.
Kiessling, W., Aberhan, M., and Villier, L., 2008. Phanerozoic
trends in skeletal morphology driven by mass extinctions.
Nature Geoscience, 1, 527–538.
Kiessling, W., 2009. Geologic and biologic controls on the evolution of reefs. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 40, 173–192.
Kiessling, W., and Baron-Szabo, R. C., 2004. Extinction and recovery patterns of scleractinian corals at the Cretaceous-Tertiary
boundary. Palaeo, 214, 195–223.
Kleypas, J. A., and Langdon, C., 2006. Coral reefs and changing
seawater carbonate chemistry. In Phinney, J. T., HoeghGuldberg, O., Kleypas, J. A., Skirving, W., Strong, A. (eds.),
Coral Reefs and Climate Change: Science and Management.
American Geophysical Union Coastal and Estuarine Studies,
Vol. 61, pp. 73–110.
Knoll, A. H., Bambach, R. K., Payne, J. L., Pruss, S., and Fischer,
W. W., 2007. Paleophysiology and end-Permian mass extinction.
Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 256, 295–313.
Lambeck, K., Chappell, J., 2001. Sea level change through the last
glacial cycle. Science, 292, 679–686.
McLaren, D. J., and Goodfellow, W. D., 1990. Geological and biological consequences of giant impacts. Annual Review of Earth
and Planetary Sciences, 18, 123–171.
Racki, G., 2005. Towards understanding Late Devonian global
events: few answers, many questions. In Over, D. J., Morrow,
J. R., and Wignall, P. B. (eds.), Understanding Late Devonian
and Permian-Triassic Biotic and Climatic Events. pp. 5–36.
Raup, D. M., and Sepkoski, J. J. Jr., 1986. Periodic extinction of
families and genera. Science, 231, 833–836.
Rosen, B. R., 2000. Algal symbiosis and the collapse and recovery
of reef communities: Lazarus corals across the Cretaceous/
Tertiary boundary. In Culver S. J., and Rawson, P. F. (eds.),
Biotic Response to Global Change: The Last 145 Million Years.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 164–180.
Rosen, B. R., and Turnšek, D., 1989. Extinction patterns and biogeography of scleractinian corals across the Cretaceous/Tertiary
boundary. Memoirs of the Association of Australasian
Palaeontologists, 8, 355–370.
Rothschild, L. J., and Lister, A. M. (eds.), 2003. Evolution on Planet
Earth: The Impact of the Physical Environment. London:
Academic Press.
Ryskin, G., 2003. Methane-driven oceanic eruptions and mass
extinctions. Geology, 31, 741–744.
Sepkowski, J. J. Jr., 1995. Patterns of Phanerozoic extinction:
a perspective from global databases. In Walliser, O. H. (ed.),
Global Events and Event Stratigraphy. Berlin: Springer-Verlag,
pp. 35–51.
Sepkowski, J. J. Jr., 2002. A compendium of fossil marine animal
genera. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 363, 1–563.
Siddall, M., Siddall, E. J., Rohling, A., Almogi-Labin, C.,
Hemleben, D., Meischner, I., Schmelzer, I., and Smeed, D. A.,
2003. Sea-level fluctuations during the last glacial cycle. Nature,
423, 853–858.
Stanley, G. D. Jr., 1988. The history of early Mesozoic reef communities: a three-step process. Palaios, 3, 170–183.
Stanley, G. D. Jr., 2001. Introduction to reef ecosystems and their
evolution. In Stanley, G. D. Jr. (ed.), The History and Sedimentology of Ancient Reef Systems. New York: Academic/Plenum
Publishers, pp. 1–39.
Stolarski, J., Meibom, A., Przenioslo, R., and Mazur, M., 2007.
A Cretaceous scleractinian coral with a calcitic skeleton.
Science, 318, 92–94.
Tajika, E., 1999. Carbon cycle and climate change during the Cretaceous inferred from a biogeochemical carbon cycle model. The
Island Arc, 8, 293–303.
Toon, O. B., Zahnle, K., Morrison, D., Turco, R. P., and Covey, C.,
1997. Environmental perturbations caused by the impacts of
asteroids and comets. Reviews of Geophysics, 35, 41–78.
Turley, C. M., Roberts, J. M., and Guinotte, J. M., 2007. Corals in
deep-water: will the unseen hand of ocean acidification destroy
cold-water ecosystems? Coral Reefs, 26, 445–448.
Veron, J. E. N., 1995. Corals in Space and Time: The Biogeography
and Evolution of the Scleractinia. Sydney: University of New
South Wales Press.
Veron, J. E. N., 2008a. A Reef in Time: The Great Barrier Reef from
Beginning to End. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.
Veron, J. E. N., 2008b. Mass extinctions and ocean acidification:
biological constraints on geological dilemmas. Coral Reefs, 27,
459–472.
Veron, J. E. N., and Kelly, R., 1988. Species stability in hermatypic
corals of Papua New Guinea and the Indo-Pacific. Memoirs of
the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists, 6, 1–69.
Ward, P., 2008. Mass extinctions: the microbes strike back. New
Scientist, 2642, 40–43.
Webby, B. D., 1992. Global biogeography of Ordovician corals and
stromatoporoids. In Webby, B., and Laurie, J. R. (eds.), Global
Perspectives on Ordovician Geology, Vol. 2, Rotterdam:
Balkema, pp. 261–276.
Wood, R., 1999. Reef Evolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Cross-references
Aragonite
Carbon Fluxes of Coral Reefs
General Evolution of Carbonate Reefs
Ocean Acidification, Effects on Calcification
Scleractinia, Evolution and Taxonomy
MAYOR, ALFRED GOLDSBOROUGH (1868–1922)
Lester D. Stephens
University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
Born in Frederick, Maryland, on 16 April 1868, Alfred
Goldsborough Mayer (spelling changed to Mayor in
1918) was the son of Alfred Marshall Mayer, a noted
American physicist. Although an excellent student of
mathematics and physics, young Alfred preferred zoology
as his field of study. However, as his strong-minded father
wanted his son to pursue a career in the physical sciences,
Alfred majored in engineering at the Stevens Institute of
Technology, in Hoboken, New Jersey, from which he
graduated in 1889. He began advanced work in physics
soon thereafter, but decided to enter the graduate program
in zoology at Harvard University in 1892, where he came
to the attention of Alexander Agassiz, a prominent marine
zoologist and director of Harvard’s Museum of Comparative Zoology (MCZ). Agassiz soon placed Mayor in
charge of the MCZ’s division of coelenterates and other
radiate species.
678
MAYOR, ALFRED GOLDSBOROUGH (1868–1922)
2002. Patterns and processes influencing Upper Cretaceous
reefs. In Kiessling, W., Flügel, E., Galonka, J. (eds.), Phanerozoic Reef Patterns. SEPM Special Publication, 72, pp. 549–585.
Kiessling, W., 2001. Phanerozoic reef trends based on the Paleoreef
database. In Stanley, G. D. Jr. (ed.), The History and Sedimentology of Ancient Reef Systems. New York: Academic/Plenum
Publishers, pp. 41–88.
Kiessling, W., Aberhan, M., and Villier, L., 2008. Phanerozoic
trends in skeletal morphology driven by mass extinctions.
Nature Geoscience, 1, 527–538.
Kiessling, W., 2009. Geologic and biologic controls on the evolution of reefs. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 40, 173–192.
Kiessling, W., and Baron-Szabo, R. C., 2004. Extinction and recovery patterns of scleractinian corals at the Cretaceous-Tertiary
boundary. Palaeo, 214, 195–223.
Kleypas, J. A., and Langdon, C., 2006. Coral reefs and changing
seawater carbonate chemistry. In Phinney, J. T., HoeghGuldberg, O., Kleypas, J. A., Skirving, W., Strong, A. (eds.),
Coral Reefs and Climate Change: Science and Management.
American Geophysical Union Coastal and Estuarine Studies,
Vol. 61, pp. 73–110.
Knoll, A. H., Bambach, R. K., Payne, J. L., Pruss, S., and Fischer,
W. W., 2007. Paleophysiology and end-Permian mass extinction.
Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 256, 295–313.
Lambeck, K., Chappell, J., 2001. Sea level change through the last
glacial cycle. Science, 292, 679–686.
McLaren, D. J., and Goodfellow, W. D., 1990. Geological and biological consequences of giant impacts. Annual Review of Earth
and Planetary Sciences, 18, 123–171.
Racki, G., 2005. Towards understanding Late Devonian global
events: few answers, many questions. In Over, D. J., Morrow,
J. R., and Wignall, P. B. (eds.), Understanding Late Devonian
and Permian-Triassic Biotic and Climatic Events. pp. 5–36.
Raup, D. M., and Sepkoski, J. J. Jr., 1986. Periodic extinction of
families and genera. Science, 231, 833–836.
Rosen, B. R., 2000. Algal symbiosis and the collapse and recovery
of reef communities: Lazarus corals across the Cretaceous/
Tertiary boundary. In Culver S. J., and Rawson, P. F. (eds.),
Biotic Response to Global Change: The Last 145 Million Years.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 164–180.
Rosen, B. R., and Turnšek, D., 1989. Extinction patterns and biogeography of scleractinian corals across the Cretaceous/Tertiary
boundary. Memoirs of the Association of Australasian
Palaeontologists, 8, 355–370.
Rothschild, L. J., and Lister, A. M. (eds.), 2003. Evolution on Planet
Earth: The Impact of the Physical Environment. London:
Academic Press.
Ryskin, G., 2003. Methane-driven oceanic eruptions and mass
extinctions. Geology, 31, 741–744.
Sepkowski, J. J. Jr., 1995. Patterns of Phanerozoic extinction:
a perspective from global databases. In Walliser, O. H. (ed.),
Global Events and Event Stratigraphy. Berlin: Springer-Verlag,
pp. 35–51.
Sepkowski, J. J. Jr., 2002. A compendium of fossil marine animal
genera. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 363, 1–563.
Siddall, M., Siddall, E. J., Rohling, A., Almogi-Labin, C.,
Hemleben, D., Meischner, I., Schmelzer, I., and Smeed, D. A.,
2003. Sea-level fluctuations during the last glacial cycle. Nature,
423, 853–858.
Stanley, G. D. Jr., 1988. The history of early Mesozoic reef communities: a three-step process. Palaios, 3, 170–183.
Stanley, G. D. Jr., 2001. Introduction to reef ecosystems and their
evolution. In Stanley, G. D. Jr. (ed.), The History and Sedimentology of Ancient Reef Systems. New York: Academic/Plenum
Publishers, pp. 1–39.
Stolarski, J., Meibom, A., Przenioslo, R., and Mazur, M., 2007.
A Cretaceous scleractinian coral with a calcitic skeleton.
Science, 318, 92–94.
Tajika, E., 1999. Carbon cycle and climate change during the Cretaceous inferred from a biogeochemical carbon cycle model. The
Island Arc, 8, 293–303.
Toon, O. B., Zahnle, K., Morrison, D., Turco, R. P., and Covey, C.,
1997. Environmental perturbations caused by the impacts of
asteroids and comets. Reviews of Geophysics, 35, 41–78.
Turley, C. M., Roberts, J. M., and Guinotte, J. M., 2007. Corals in
deep-water: will the unseen hand of ocean acidification destroy
cold-water ecosystems? Coral Reefs, 26, 445–448.
Veron, J. E. N., 1995. Corals in Space and Time: The Biogeography
and Evolution of the Scleractinia. Sydney: University of New
South Wales Press.
Veron, J. E. N., 2008a. A Reef in Time: The Great Barrier Reef from
Beginning to End. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.
Veron, J. E. N., 2008b. Mass extinctions and ocean acidification:
biological constraints on geological dilemmas. Coral Reefs, 27,
459–472.
Veron, J. E. N., and Kelly, R., 1988. Species stability in hermatypic
corals of Papua New Guinea and the Indo-Pacific. Memoirs of
the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists, 6, 1–69.
Ward, P., 2008. Mass extinctions: the microbes strike back. New
Scientist, 2642, 40–43.
Webby, B. D., 1992. Global biogeography of Ordovician corals and
stromatoporoids. In Webby, B., and Laurie, J. R. (eds.), Global
Perspectives on Ordovician Geology, Vol. 2, Rotterdam:
Balkema, pp. 261–276.
Wood, R., 1999. Reef Evolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Cross-references
Aragonite
Carbon Fluxes of Coral Reefs
General Evolution of Carbonate Reefs
Ocean Acidification, Effects on Calcification
Scleractinia, Evolution and Taxonomy
MAYOR, ALFRED GOLDSBOROUGH (1868–1922)
Lester D. Stephens
University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
Born in Frederick, Maryland, on 16 April 1868, Alfred
Goldsborough Mayer (spelling changed to Mayor in
1918) was the son of Alfred Marshall Mayer, a noted
American physicist. Although an excellent student of
mathematics and physics, young Alfred preferred zoology
as his field of study. However, as his strong-minded father
wanted his son to pursue a career in the physical sciences,
Alfred majored in engineering at the Stevens Institute of
Technology, in Hoboken, New Jersey, from which he
graduated in 1889. He began advanced work in physics
soon thereafter, but decided to enter the graduate program
in zoology at Harvard University in 1892, where he came
to the attention of Alexander Agassiz, a prominent marine
zoologist and director of Harvard’s Museum of Comparative Zoology (MCZ). Agassiz soon placed Mayor in
charge of the MCZ’s division of coelenterates and other
radiate species.
678
MAYOR, ALFRED GOLDSBOROUGH (1868–1922)