Bibliography
Asano, D., 1942. Coral reefs of the South Sea Islands. Tohuku Imperial University Geological and Palaeobiological Institute
Report, 39, 1–19.
Higgins, C. G., 1975. Theories of landscape development;
a perspective. In Melhorn, W. N. and Flemal, R. C. (eds.), Theories of Landform Development. Proceeding 6th Annual Geomorphology Symposium Series. New York: State University
Binghampton, 1–28.
Hoffmeister, J. E., and Ladd, H. S., 1944. The antecedent-platform
theory. Journal of Geology, 52, 388–402.
MacNeil, F. S., 1954. The shape of atolls: an inheritance from
subaerial erosion forms. American Journal of Science, 252,
402–427.
Purdy, E. G., 1974. Reef configurations, cause and effect. In
Laporte, L. F. (ed.), Reefs in Time and Space: Selected Examples
from the Recent and Ancient. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Special Publication, Vol. 18, 9–76.
Stearns, H. T., 1946. An integration of coral reef hypothesis.
American Journal of Science, 244, 245–262.
Tayama, R., 1952. Coral reefs of the South Seas. Bulletin of the
Hydrographic Department, Tokyo, 11, 1–292.
Umbgrove, J. H. F., 1947. Coral reefs of the East Indies. Geological
Society of America Bulletin, 58, 729–777.
Yabe, M., 1942. Problems of the coral reefs. Tohuku Imperial University Geology and Palaeontology Institute Report, 39, 1–6.
Cross-references
Antecedent Platforms
Atolls
Darwin, Charles (1809–1882)
Glacial Control Hypothesis
Solution Unconformities
Subsidence Hypothesis of Reef Development
MAKATEA
Lucien F. Montaggioni
University of Provence, Marseille, Cedex 3, France
Definition
Makatea is defined originally as an elevated (uplifted) rim
of coral reef limestone wholly or partly surrounding
a volcanic island. Makatea islands refer to composite
islands according to Nunn (1994) as they possess three
distinct geomorphic features from the shoreline inwards:
a makatea limestone, a depression with swamps and
streams, and an exposed volcanic core.
Etymology: The term makatea was originally defined and
used in the southern tropical Pacific (Cook Islands). It
derives from the Polynesian language, probably from
two words: maka (slingstone) and tea (white).
Origin: The makatea limestone consists usually of Cenozoic reef material, locally with peripheral fringes of Quaternary reef terraces deposited before island uplift (see
Montaggioni and Camoin, 1997; Vacher and Quinn,
1997 for reviews). The morphology of makatea islands
frequently resembles that of modern barrier reefs or
almost-atolls in which topography is believed to be
inherited from pre-existing karstic relief. In most cases,
the depression behind the reef rim is the result of subaerial
solution by freshwater (Purdy and Winterer, 2006). The
final landscape is typified by upland depression-and-rim
reliefs and coastal cliffs. The volcanic core has been built
by different mechanisms in relation to lithospheric plate
tectonics, e.g., hotspot, arc volcanism, and volcanism at
or close to divergent plate boundaries. Similarly, uplifting
has been controlled by a variety of regional tectonic
processes.
Parent feature: The island of Makatea in the northwesten
Tuamotus (French Polynesia) is a high carbonate, atollshaped structure, generally not regarded as a typical
makatea island because of the lack of exposed volcanics
in its central part. However, its present-day morphology
has been produced by uplift of a Cenozoic reef tract,
followed by subaerial, karstic erosion. The name of
makatea island therefore is suggested to be used in
a wider sense and thereby applied to any tropical Pacific
island typified by uplifted reefal limestone severely
karst-eroded.
Bibliography
Montaggioni, L. F., and Camoin, G. F., 1997. Geology of Makatea
Island, Tuamotu Archipelago, French Polynesia. In Vacher,
H. L., and Quinn, T., (eds.), Geology and Hydrogeology of Carbonate Islands. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 453–474.
Nunn, P. D., 1994. Oceanic Islands. Oxford UK: Blackwell.
Purdy, E. G., and Winterer, E. L., 2006. Contradicting Barrier Reef
relationships for Darwin’s Evolution of reef types. International
Journal of Earth Sciences, 95, 143–167.
Vacher, H. L., and Quinn, T. 1997. Geology and Hydrogeology of
Carbonate Islands. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Cross-references
Diagenesis
Emerged Reefs
Solution Processes/Reef Erosion
MALDIVES
Paul Kench
The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
Definition
Maldives: The Republic of Maldives is an archipelago of
coral atolls and reef platforms located in the central Indian
Ocean.
Introduction
The Maldives archipelago comprises a chain of coral reefs
and reef islands situated 700 km southwest of Sri Lanka
and positioned between the Lakshadweep Islands (to the
north) and Chagos Islands (to the south). The archipelago
648
MAKATEA
Asano, D., 1942. Coral reefs of the South Sea Islands. Tohuku Imperial University Geological and Palaeobiological Institute
Report, 39, 1–19.
Higgins, C. G., 1975. Theories of landscape development;
a perspective. In Melhorn, W. N. and Flemal, R. C. (eds.), Theories of Landform Development. Proceeding 6th Annual Geomorphology Symposium Series. New York: State University
Binghampton, 1–28.
Hoffmeister, J. E., and Ladd, H. S., 1944. The antecedent-platform
theory. Journal of Geology, 52, 388–402.
MacNeil, F. S., 1954. The shape of atolls: an inheritance from
subaerial erosion forms. American Journal of Science, 252,
402–427.
Purdy, E. G., 1974. Reef configurations, cause and effect. In
Laporte, L. F. (ed.), Reefs in Time and Space: Selected Examples
from the Recent and Ancient. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Special Publication, Vol. 18, 9–76.
Stearns, H. T., 1946. An integration of coral reef hypothesis.
American Journal of Science, 244, 245–262.
Tayama, R., 1952. Coral reefs of the South Seas. Bulletin of the
Hydrographic Department, Tokyo, 11, 1–292.
Umbgrove, J. H. F., 1947. Coral reefs of the East Indies. Geological
Society of America Bulletin, 58, 729–777.
Yabe, M., 1942. Problems of the coral reefs. Tohuku Imperial University Geology and Palaeontology Institute Report, 39, 1–6.
Cross-references
Antecedent Platforms
Atolls
Darwin, Charles (1809–1882)
Glacial Control Hypothesis
Solution Unconformities
Subsidence Hypothesis of Reef Development
MAKATEA
Lucien F. Montaggioni
University of Provence, Marseille, Cedex 3, France
Definition
Makatea is defined originally as an elevated (uplifted) rim
of coral reef limestone wholly or partly surrounding
a volcanic island. Makatea islands refer to composite
islands according to Nunn (1994) as they possess three
distinct geomorphic features from the shoreline inwards:
a makatea limestone, a depression with swamps and
streams, and an exposed volcanic core.
Etymology: The term makatea was originally defined and
used in the southern tropical Pacific (Cook Islands). It
derives from the Polynesian language, probably from
two words: maka (slingstone) and tea (white).
Origin: The makatea limestone consists usually of Cenozoic reef material, locally with peripheral fringes of Quaternary reef terraces deposited before island uplift (see
Montaggioni and Camoin, 1997; Vacher and Quinn,
1997 for reviews). The morphology of makatea islands
frequently resembles that of modern barrier reefs or
almost-atolls in which topography is believed to be
inherited from pre-existing karstic relief. In most cases,
the depression behind the reef rim is the result of subaerial
solution by freshwater (Purdy and Winterer, 2006). The
final landscape is typified by upland depression-and-rim
reliefs and coastal cliffs. The volcanic core has been built
by different mechanisms in relation to lithospheric plate
tectonics, e.g., hotspot, arc volcanism, and volcanism at
or close to divergent plate boundaries. Similarly, uplifting
has been controlled by a variety of regional tectonic
processes.
Parent feature: The island of Makatea in the northwesten
Tuamotus (French Polynesia) is a high carbonate, atollshaped structure, generally not regarded as a typical
makatea island because of the lack of exposed volcanics
in its central part. However, its present-day morphology
has been produced by uplift of a Cenozoic reef tract,
followed by subaerial, karstic erosion. The name of
makatea island therefore is suggested to be used in
a wider sense and thereby applied to any tropical Pacific
island typified by uplifted reefal limestone severely
karst-eroded.
Bibliography
Montaggioni, L. F., and Camoin, G. F., 1997. Geology of Makatea
Island, Tuamotu Archipelago, French Polynesia. In Vacher,
H. L., and Quinn, T., (eds.), Geology and Hydrogeology of Carbonate Islands. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 453–474.
Nunn, P. D., 1994. Oceanic Islands. Oxford UK: Blackwell.
Purdy, E. G., and Winterer, E. L., 2006. Contradicting Barrier Reef
relationships for Darwin’s Evolution of reef types. International
Journal of Earth Sciences, 95, 143–167.
Vacher, H. L., and Quinn, T. 1997. Geology and Hydrogeology of
Carbonate Islands. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Cross-references
Diagenesis
Emerged Reefs
Solution Processes/Reef Erosion
MALDIVES
Paul Kench
The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
Definition
Maldives: The Republic of Maldives is an archipelago of
coral atolls and reef platforms located in the central Indian
Ocean.
Introduction
The Maldives archipelago comprises a chain of coral reefs
and reef islands situated 700 km southwest of Sri Lanka
and positioned between the Lakshadweep Islands (to the
north) and Chagos Islands (to the south). The archipelago
648
MAKATEA