Hopley, D., Smithers, S. G., and Parnell, K. E., 2007. The Geomorphology of the Great Barrier Reef: Development, Diversity, and
Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 532.
Kench, P. S., McLean, R. F., and Nichol, S. L., 2005. New model of
reef-island evolution: Maldives, Indian Ocean. Geology, 33,
145–148.
McLean, R. F., and Stoddart, D. R., 1978. Reef island sediments of
the northern Great Barrier Reef. Philosophical Transactions of
the Royal Society of London, A291, 101–117.
McLean, R. F., Stoddart, D. R., Hopley, D., and Polach, H. A., 1978.
Sea level changes in the Holocene on the northern Great Barrier
Reef. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, A291, 167–186.
Maragos, J. E., Baines, G. B. K., and Beveridge, P. J., 1973. Tropical cyclone creates new land formation on Funafuti Atoll. Science, 181, 1161–1164.
Moorehouse, F. W., 1933. The recently-formed natural breastwork
on Low Isles. Report of the Great Barrier Reef Committee, 4,
35–36.
Moorehouse, F. W., 1936. The cyclone of 1934 and its effect on
Low Isles with special observations on Porites. Report of the
Great Barrier Reef Committee, 4, 37–44.
Neil, D. T., 2000. Characteristics and significance of a sub-tropical
‘Low Wooded Island’: Green Island, Moreton Bay, Australia.
Journal of Coastal Research, 16, 287–294.
Polach, H. A., McLean, R. F., Caldwell, J. R., and Thom, B. G.,
1978. Radiocarbon ages from the northern Great Barrier Reef.
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London,
A291, 139–158.
Rasmussen, C. E., 1986. An Investigation of Morphological
Changes, Low Isles, Northern GBR. Unpublished Honours thesis, Australia, Sir George Fisher Centre, James Cook University.
Scoffin, T. P., 1993. The geological effects of hurricanes on coral
reefs and the interpretation of storm deposits. Coral Reefs, 12,
203–221.
Spender, M., 1930. Island reefs of the Queensland coast. The Geographical Journal, 76, 193–214, 273–297.
Steers, J. A., 1929. The Queensland Coast and the Great Barrier
Reef. The Geographical Journal, 74, 232–257, 341–370.
Steers, J. A., 1937. The coral islands and associated features of the
Great Barrier Reef. The Geographical Journal, 89, 1–28, 119–
146.
Steers, J. A., 1938. Detailed notes on the islands surveyed and
examined by the geographical expedition to the Great Barrier
Reef in 1936. Report of the Great Barrier Reef Committee, 4,
51–94.
Steers, J. A., and Lofthouse, J. A., 1940. The coral cays of Jamaica.
The Geographical Journal, 95, 30–42.
Stoddart, D. R., 1965. British Honduras cays and the low wooded
island problem. Institute of British Geography Transactions,
36, 131–147.
Stoddart, D. R., 1980. Mangroves as successional stages, inner reefs
of the northern Great Barrier Reef. Journal of Biogeography, 7,
269–284.
Stoddart, D. R., and Steers, J. A., 1977. The nature and origin of
coral reef islands. In Jones, O. A., and Endean, R. (eds.), Biology
and Geology of Coral Reefs, Vol. 4, Geology 2. New York:
Elsevier, pp. 59–105.
Stoddart, D. R., McLean, R. F., and Hopley, D., 1978a. Geomorphology of reef islands, northern Great Barrier Reef. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B284, 39–61.
Stoddart, D. R., McLean, R. F., Scoffin, T. P, Thom, B. G., and
Hopley, D., 1978b. Evolution of reefs and islands, northern
Great Barrier Reef: synthesis and interpretation. Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B284, 149–159.
Stoddart, D. R., McLean, R. F., Scoffin, T. P., and Gibbs, P. E.,
1978c. Forty-five years of change on low wooded islands, Great
Barrier Reef. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of
London, B284, 63–80.
Tomascik, T., Mah, A. J., Nontji, A., and Moosa, M. K., 1997. Coral
cays. In The Ecology of the Indonesian Seas. Vol. 8, Chap. 17,
Part 2, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 789–828.
Toscano, M. A., and Macintyre, I. G., 2003. Corrected western
Atlantic sea-level curve for the last 11 000 years based on calibrated
14 C dates from Acropora palmata and mangrove intertidal
peat. Coral Reefs, 22, 257–270.
Umbgrove, J. H. F., 1928. De Kioralriffen in de Baai van Batavia.
Wetenschappelijke Mededeelingen van den Dienst van den
Mijnbouw, Bandoeng (Java), 7, 1–68.
Umbgrove, J. H. F., 1947. Coral reefs of the East Indies. Bulletin of
the Geological Society of America, 58, 729–778.
Verstappen, H. T., 1954. The influence of climatic changes on the
formation of coral islands. American Journal of Science, 252,
428–435.
Zaneveld, J. S., and Verstappen, H. T., 1952. A recent investigation
about the geomorphology and the flora of some coral islands in
the Bay of Djakarta. Indonesian Journal of Scientific Research,
1, 58–68.
Cross-references
Bassett Edges
Beach Rock
Conglomerates
Coral Cay Classification and Evolution
Mangroves
Moats
Shingle Ridges
LYELL, CHARLES (1797–1875)
James Bowen
Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia
Born in Edinburgh, Lyell became the dominant geologist
of the early nineteenth century with his great three-volume
Principles of Geology, published during the years
1830–1833. To explain the puzzle of atoll formation, he
argued that the circular or oval forms of the numerous
coral isles of the Pacific, with lagoons in their center,
“naturally suggest the idea that they are nothing more than
the crests of submarine volcanos, having the rims and bottoms of their craters overgrown by corals” built by an infinitely slow process on the summits of submerged
volcanoes on the ocean floor by “branched madrepores.”
In the case of archipelagos and similar distributions, Lyell
believed they had been formed from the ejection of volcanic ashes and sand which served as the foundations for yet
further reefs.
He also sought to explain the other great question
puzzling explorers: why “there should be so immense an
area in eastern Oceania, studded with minute islands,
without one single spot where there is a wider extent of
land than belongs to such islands as Tahiti, Hawaii, and
a few others, which either have been, or are still the seats
of active volcanoes?” The answer he provided was that
LYELL, CHARLES (1797–1875)
645
Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 532.
Kench, P. S., McLean, R. F., and Nichol, S. L., 2005. New model of
reef-island evolution: Maldives, Indian Ocean. Geology, 33,
145–148.
McLean, R. F., and Stoddart, D. R., 1978. Reef island sediments of
the northern Great Barrier Reef. Philosophical Transactions of
the Royal Society of London, A291, 101–117.
McLean, R. F., Stoddart, D. R., Hopley, D., and Polach, H. A., 1978.
Sea level changes in the Holocene on the northern Great Barrier
Reef. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, A291, 167–186.
Maragos, J. E., Baines, G. B. K., and Beveridge, P. J., 1973. Tropical cyclone creates new land formation on Funafuti Atoll. Science, 181, 1161–1164.
Moorehouse, F. W., 1933. The recently-formed natural breastwork
on Low Isles. Report of the Great Barrier Reef Committee, 4,
35–36.
Moorehouse, F. W., 1936. The cyclone of 1934 and its effect on
Low Isles with special observations on Porites. Report of the
Great Barrier Reef Committee, 4, 37–44.
Neil, D. T., 2000. Characteristics and significance of a sub-tropical
‘Low Wooded Island’: Green Island, Moreton Bay, Australia.
Journal of Coastal Research, 16, 287–294.
Polach, H. A., McLean, R. F., Caldwell, J. R., and Thom, B. G.,
1978. Radiocarbon ages from the northern Great Barrier Reef.
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London,
A291, 139–158.
Rasmussen, C. E., 1986. An Investigation of Morphological
Changes, Low Isles, Northern GBR. Unpublished Honours thesis, Australia, Sir George Fisher Centre, James Cook University.
Scoffin, T. P., 1993. The geological effects of hurricanes on coral
reefs and the interpretation of storm deposits. Coral Reefs, 12,
203–221.
Spender, M., 1930. Island reefs of the Queensland coast. The Geographical Journal, 76, 193–214, 273–297.
Steers, J. A., 1929. The Queensland Coast and the Great Barrier
Reef. The Geographical Journal, 74, 232–257, 341–370.
Steers, J. A., 1937. The coral islands and associated features of the
Great Barrier Reef. The Geographical Journal, 89, 1–28, 119–
146.
Steers, J. A., 1938. Detailed notes on the islands surveyed and
examined by the geographical expedition to the Great Barrier
Reef in 1936. Report of the Great Barrier Reef Committee, 4,
51–94.
Steers, J. A., and Lofthouse, J. A., 1940. The coral cays of Jamaica.
The Geographical Journal, 95, 30–42.
Stoddart, D. R., 1965. British Honduras cays and the low wooded
island problem. Institute of British Geography Transactions,
36, 131–147.
Stoddart, D. R., 1980. Mangroves as successional stages, inner reefs
of the northern Great Barrier Reef. Journal of Biogeography, 7,
269–284.
Stoddart, D. R., and Steers, J. A., 1977. The nature and origin of
coral reef islands. In Jones, O. A., and Endean, R. (eds.), Biology
and Geology of Coral Reefs, Vol. 4, Geology 2. New York:
Elsevier, pp. 59–105.
Stoddart, D. R., McLean, R. F., and Hopley, D., 1978a. Geomorphology of reef islands, northern Great Barrier Reef. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B284, 39–61.
Stoddart, D. R., McLean, R. F., Scoffin, T. P, Thom, B. G., and
Hopley, D., 1978b. Evolution of reefs and islands, northern
Great Barrier Reef: synthesis and interpretation. Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B284, 149–159.
Stoddart, D. R., McLean, R. F., Scoffin, T. P., and Gibbs, P. E.,
1978c. Forty-five years of change on low wooded islands, Great
Barrier Reef. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of
London, B284, 63–80.
Tomascik, T., Mah, A. J., Nontji, A., and Moosa, M. K., 1997. Coral
cays. In The Ecology of the Indonesian Seas. Vol. 8, Chap. 17,
Part 2, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 789–828.
Toscano, M. A., and Macintyre, I. G., 2003. Corrected western
Atlantic sea-level curve for the last 11 000 years based on calibrated
14 C dates from Acropora palmata and mangrove intertidal
peat. Coral Reefs, 22, 257–270.
Umbgrove, J. H. F., 1928. De Kioralriffen in de Baai van Batavia.
Wetenschappelijke Mededeelingen van den Dienst van den
Mijnbouw, Bandoeng (Java), 7, 1–68.
Umbgrove, J. H. F., 1947. Coral reefs of the East Indies. Bulletin of
the Geological Society of America, 58, 729–778.
Verstappen, H. T., 1954. The influence of climatic changes on the
formation of coral islands. American Journal of Science, 252,
428–435.
Zaneveld, J. S., and Verstappen, H. T., 1952. A recent investigation
about the geomorphology and the flora of some coral islands in
the Bay of Djakarta. Indonesian Journal of Scientific Research,
1, 58–68.
Cross-references
Bassett Edges
Beach Rock
Conglomerates
Coral Cay Classification and Evolution
Mangroves
Moats
Shingle Ridges
LYELL, CHARLES (1797–1875)
James Bowen
Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia
Born in Edinburgh, Lyell became the dominant geologist
of the early nineteenth century with his great three-volume
Principles of Geology, published during the years
1830–1833. To explain the puzzle of atoll formation, he
argued that the circular or oval forms of the numerous
coral isles of the Pacific, with lagoons in their center,
“naturally suggest the idea that they are nothing more than
the crests of submarine volcanos, having the rims and bottoms of their craters overgrown by corals” built by an infinitely slow process on the summits of submerged
volcanoes on the ocean floor by “branched madrepores.”
In the case of archipelagos and similar distributions, Lyell
believed they had been formed from the ejection of volcanic ashes and sand which served as the foundations for yet
further reefs.
He also sought to explain the other great question
puzzling explorers: why “there should be so immense an
area in eastern Oceania, studded with minute islands,
without one single spot where there is a wider extent of
land than belongs to such islands as Tahiti, Hawaii, and
a few others, which either have been, or are still the seats
of active volcanoes?” The answer he provided was that
LYELL, CHARLES (1797–1875)
645