terraces on Southern Barbados (West Indies). Earth Science
Reviews, 64, 157–187.
Scholz, D., and Mangini, A., 2007. How precise are U-series coral
ages? Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 71, 1935–1948.
Schreve, D. C., 2009. A new record of Pleistocene hippopotamus
from River Severn terrace deposits, Gloucester, UKpalaeoenvironmental setting and stratigraphical significance.
Proceedings of the Geologists Association, 120, 58–64.
Shackleton, N. J., and Matthews, R. K., 1977. Oxygen isotope stratigraphy of Late Pleistocene coral terraces in Barbados. Nature,
268, 618–620.
Shackleton, N. J., Sanchez-Goni, M. F., Pailler, D., and Lancelot, Y.,
2003. Marine Isotope Substage 5e and the Eemian Interglacial.
Global and Planetary Change, 36, 151–155.
Sherman, C. E., Glenn, C. R., Jones, A. T., Burnett, W. C., and
Schwarcz, H. P., 1993. New evidence for two highstands of the
sea during the Last Interglacial, oxygen isotope substage 5e.
Geology, 21, 1079–1082.
Speed, R. C., and Cheng, H., 2004. Evolution of marine terraces and
sea level in the last interglacial, Cave Hill, Barbados. Geological
Society of America Bulletin, 116, 219–232.
Stanley, S. M., 1966. Paleoecology and diagenesis of Key Largo
Limestone, Florida. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 50, 1927–1947.
Stearns, H. T., 1974. Submerged shorelines and shelves in the
Hawaiian Islands and a revision of some of the eustatic emerged
shorelines. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 85,
795–804.
Stein, M., Wasserburg, G. J., Aharon, P., Chen, J. H., Zhu, Z. R.,
Bloom, A., and Chappell, J., 1993. TIMS U-series dating and
stable isotopes of the last interglacial event in Papua
New Guinea. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 57,
2541–2554.
Stirling, C., Esat, T., McCulloch, M., and Lambeck, K., 1995. Highprecision U-series dating of corals from Western-Australia and
implications for the timing and duration of the Last Interglacial.
Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 135, 115–130.
Stirling, C., Esat, T., Lambeck, K., and McCulloch M., 1998.
Timing and duration of the Last Interglacial: evidence for
a restricted interval of widespread coral reef growth. Earth and
Planetary Science Letters, 160, 745–762.
Szabo, B. J., Ludwig, K. R., Muhs, D. R., and Simmons, K. R.,
1994. Thorium-230 ages of corals and duration of the last interglacial sea-level high stand on Oahu, Hawaii. Science, 266,
93–96.
Taylor, F. W., and Mann, P., 1991. Late Quaternary folding of coral
reef terraces, Barbados. Geology, 19, 103–106.
Thompson, W. G., and Goldstein, S. L., 2005. Open-system coral
ages reveal persistent suborbital sea-level cycles. Science, 308,
401–404.
Van Woesik, R., Ayling, A. M., and Mapstone, B., 1991. Impact of
Tropical Cyclone “Ivor” on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia.
Journal of Coastal Research, 7, 551–557.
Veeh, H. H., and Chappell, J., 1970. Astronomical theory of climate
change: support from New Guinea. Science, 167, 862–865.
Vèzina, J., Jones, B., and Ford, D., 1999. Sea-level highstands over
the last 500,000 years: evidence from the ironshore formation on
Grand Cayman, British West Indies. Journal of Sedimentary
Research, 69, 317–327.
Walter, R. C., Buffler, R. T., Bruggemann, J. H., Guillaume,
M. M. M., Berhe, S. M., Negassi, B., Libsekal, Y., Cheng, H.,
Edwards, R. L., von Cosel, R., Neraudeau, D., and Gagnon,
M., 2000. Early human occupation of the Red Sea coast of Eritrea during the last interglacial. Nature, 405, 65–69.
White, B., Curran, H. A., and Wilson, M. A., 1998. Bahamian coral
reefs yield evidence of brief sea-level lowstand during the Last
Interglacial. Carbonates and Evaporites, 13, 10–22.
Wilson, M., Curran, H., and White, B., 1998. Paleontological evidence of a brief global sea-level event during the last interglacial.
Lethaia, 31, 241–250.
Yamano, H., Abe, O., Matsumoto, E., Kayanne, H., Yonekura, N.,
and Blanchon, P., 2003. Influence of wave energy on Holocene
coral-reef development: an example from Ishigaki Island,
Ryukyu Islands, Japan. Sedimentary Geology, 159, 27–42.
Zhu, Z. R., Wyrwoll, K. H., Collins, L. B., Chen, J. H., Wasserburg,
G. J., and Eisenhauer, A., 1993. High-precision U-series dating
of last interglacial events by mass spectrometry: Houtman
Abrolhos islands, western Australia. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 118, 281–293.
Cross-references
Back-Stepping
Barbados
Climate Change and Coral Reefs
Emerged Reefs
Huon Peninsula, P.N.G.
Meltwater Pulses
Poleward Extension of Reefs
Red Sea And Gulf Of Aqaba
Sea Level Change and Its Effect on Reef Growth
LOW WOODED ISLANDS
Paul Kench
The University of Auckland, Auckland,
New Zealand
Definition
Low Wooded Islands: A distinct type of reef island that
occupies a reef platform surface and comprises three distinct biogeomorphic units: a windward shingle island or
gravel ridges, a leeward sand island, and a central reef flat
zone comprising mangrove.
Introduction
The term “low wooded island” was introduced by Steers
(1929, 1937, 1938) and Spender, (1930) to describe
islands with a unique complexity of morphological and
biological characteristics. The name is somewhat ambiguous with Spender (1930) preferring “island reef ” and
Fairbridge and Teichert (1947) suggesting “low wooded
island reef ”. Despite these differences in terminology,
the descriptor “low wooded island” has become firmly
established within scientific literature.
A synthesis of the largely descriptive accounts of low
wooded islands allows their global distribution to be identified. The geographic location of these islands includes:
the northern Great Barrier Reef (Steers, 1929), although
Neil (2000) describes an analogous feature in Moreton
Bay several hundred kilometers south of the Great Barrier
Reef, the Indonesian reef archipelago including Jakarta Bay
and the Java Sea (Umbgrove, 1928; Tomascik et al., 1997),
Pigeon and Salt cays, Jamaica (Steers and Lofthouse,
1940), and the Belize barrier reef (Stoddart, 1965). Islands
LOW WOODED ISLANDS
639
Reviews, 64, 157–187.
Scholz, D., and Mangini, A., 2007. How precise are U-series coral
ages? Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 71, 1935–1948.
Schreve, D. C., 2009. A new record of Pleistocene hippopotamus
from River Severn terrace deposits, Gloucester, UKpalaeoenvironmental setting and stratigraphical significance.
Proceedings of the Geologists Association, 120, 58–64.
Shackleton, N. J., and Matthews, R. K., 1977. Oxygen isotope stratigraphy of Late Pleistocene coral terraces in Barbados. Nature,
268, 618–620.
Shackleton, N. J., Sanchez-Goni, M. F., Pailler, D., and Lancelot, Y.,
2003. Marine Isotope Substage 5e and the Eemian Interglacial.
Global and Planetary Change, 36, 151–155.
Sherman, C. E., Glenn, C. R., Jones, A. T., Burnett, W. C., and
Schwarcz, H. P., 1993. New evidence for two highstands of the
sea during the Last Interglacial, oxygen isotope substage 5e.
Geology, 21, 1079–1082.
Speed, R. C., and Cheng, H., 2004. Evolution of marine terraces and
sea level in the last interglacial, Cave Hill, Barbados. Geological
Society of America Bulletin, 116, 219–232.
Stanley, S. M., 1966. Paleoecology and diagenesis of Key Largo
Limestone, Florida. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 50, 1927–1947.
Stearns, H. T., 1974. Submerged shorelines and shelves in the
Hawaiian Islands and a revision of some of the eustatic emerged
shorelines. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 85,
795–804.
Stein, M., Wasserburg, G. J., Aharon, P., Chen, J. H., Zhu, Z. R.,
Bloom, A., and Chappell, J., 1993. TIMS U-series dating and
stable isotopes of the last interglacial event in Papua
New Guinea. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 57,
2541–2554.
Stirling, C., Esat, T., McCulloch, M., and Lambeck, K., 1995. Highprecision U-series dating of corals from Western-Australia and
implications for the timing and duration of the Last Interglacial.
Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 135, 115–130.
Stirling, C., Esat, T., Lambeck, K., and McCulloch M., 1998.
Timing and duration of the Last Interglacial: evidence for
a restricted interval of widespread coral reef growth. Earth and
Planetary Science Letters, 160, 745–762.
Szabo, B. J., Ludwig, K. R., Muhs, D. R., and Simmons, K. R.,
1994. Thorium-230 ages of corals and duration of the last interglacial sea-level high stand on Oahu, Hawaii. Science, 266,
93–96.
Taylor, F. W., and Mann, P., 1991. Late Quaternary folding of coral
reef terraces, Barbados. Geology, 19, 103–106.
Thompson, W. G., and Goldstein, S. L., 2005. Open-system coral
ages reveal persistent suborbital sea-level cycles. Science, 308,
401–404.
Van Woesik, R., Ayling, A. M., and Mapstone, B., 1991. Impact of
Tropical Cyclone “Ivor” on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia.
Journal of Coastal Research, 7, 551–557.
Veeh, H. H., and Chappell, J., 1970. Astronomical theory of climate
change: support from New Guinea. Science, 167, 862–865.
Vèzina, J., Jones, B., and Ford, D., 1999. Sea-level highstands over
the last 500,000 years: evidence from the ironshore formation on
Grand Cayman, British West Indies. Journal of Sedimentary
Research, 69, 317–327.
Walter, R. C., Buffler, R. T., Bruggemann, J. H., Guillaume,
M. M. M., Berhe, S. M., Negassi, B., Libsekal, Y., Cheng, H.,
Edwards, R. L., von Cosel, R., Neraudeau, D., and Gagnon,
M., 2000. Early human occupation of the Red Sea coast of Eritrea during the last interglacial. Nature, 405, 65–69.
White, B., Curran, H. A., and Wilson, M. A., 1998. Bahamian coral
reefs yield evidence of brief sea-level lowstand during the Last
Interglacial. Carbonates and Evaporites, 13, 10–22.
Wilson, M., Curran, H., and White, B., 1998. Paleontological evidence of a brief global sea-level event during the last interglacial.
Lethaia, 31, 241–250.
Yamano, H., Abe, O., Matsumoto, E., Kayanne, H., Yonekura, N.,
and Blanchon, P., 2003. Influence of wave energy on Holocene
coral-reef development: an example from Ishigaki Island,
Ryukyu Islands, Japan. Sedimentary Geology, 159, 27–42.
Zhu, Z. R., Wyrwoll, K. H., Collins, L. B., Chen, J. H., Wasserburg,
G. J., and Eisenhauer, A., 1993. High-precision U-series dating
of last interglacial events by mass spectrometry: Houtman
Abrolhos islands, western Australia. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 118, 281–293.
Cross-references
Back-Stepping
Barbados
Climate Change and Coral Reefs
Emerged Reefs
Huon Peninsula, P.N.G.
Meltwater Pulses
Poleward Extension of Reefs
Red Sea And Gulf Of Aqaba
Sea Level Change and Its Effect on Reef Growth
LOW WOODED ISLANDS
Paul Kench
The University of Auckland, Auckland,
New Zealand
Definition
Low Wooded Islands: A distinct type of reef island that
occupies a reef platform surface and comprises three distinct biogeomorphic units: a windward shingle island or
gravel ridges, a leeward sand island, and a central reef flat
zone comprising mangrove.
Introduction
The term “low wooded island” was introduced by Steers
(1929, 1937, 1938) and Spender, (1930) to describe
islands with a unique complexity of morphological and
biological characteristics. The name is somewhat ambiguous with Spender (1930) preferring “island reef ” and
Fairbridge and Teichert (1947) suggesting “low wooded
island reef ”. Despite these differences in terminology,
the descriptor “low wooded island” has become firmly
established within scientific literature.
A synthesis of the largely descriptive accounts of low
wooded islands allows their global distribution to be identified. The geographic location of these islands includes:
the northern Great Barrier Reef (Steers, 1929), although
Neil (2000) describes an analogous feature in Moreton
Bay several hundred kilometers south of the Great Barrier
Reef, the Indonesian reef archipelago including Jakarta Bay
and the Java Sea (Umbgrove, 1928; Tomascik et al., 1997),
Pigeon and Salt cays, Jamaica (Steers and Lofthouse,
1940), and the Belize barrier reef (Stoddart, 1965). Islands
LOW WOODED ISLANDS
639