appearance of ice rafted detritus (IRD) from deep-sea
cores (Heinrich, 1988). This had been recurring when
the Greenland surface temperature was at its coldest
(Alley, 1998). Distribution patterns of the ice rafted detritus (IRD) in the cores indicated that the Laurentide ice
sheet and the ice sheets around the Nordic Seas are the
main contributors for releasing icebergs (Heinrich, 1988;
Bond et al., 1993; Bond and Lotti, 1995; Hemming,
2004), which melted around 45 degrees north to release
freshwater. This impacted on the intensity of Atlantic
Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) through
the decrease of the North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW)
formation. Several paleoceanographic studies showed that
the AMOC during a HE nearly ceased and cold climate
resulted in the North Atlantic region as was followed by
rapid warm D–O interstadials found in Greenland ice
cores. During a cold D–O stadial, most of the northern
Hemisphere experienced cold climate conditions. The
magnitude of sea-level rise associated with each HE has
been estimated from 10 to 30 m (Yokoyama et al.,
2001a, b; Siddall et al., 2003) and the style of reef development was unique (“pack-up”; Esat and Yokoyama,
2006) compared with traditional three types categorized
as “keep-up,” “catch-up,” and “give-up” types depending
on the corresponding sea-level changes (Neuman and
Macintyre, 1985). The strength of AMOC during a HE
was clearly recorded as levels of radiocarbon in corals
(Yokoyama et al., 2000, 2001a, 2008). Therefore, frequent
but less extensive ice sheet collapses have been repeated
and was probably triggering the reduction of NADW
formations, but AMOC would still have operated
(Ganopolski and Rahmstorf, 2001). The inception and
propagation of HEs have been proposed previously (e.g.,
Hemming, 2004; Clark et al., 2007) including internal
oscillations of ice sheet (MacAyeal, 1993; Papa et al.,
2006), growth and decay of ice shelf (Hulbe et al., 2004;
Alley et al., 2006), and oceanic system dictating mechanisms (Flükiger et al., 2006). Whatever, the key region
for creating these abrupt climate changes is the North
Atlantic cryosphere-ocean system. Coral reef development during last glacial interstadials and stadials is
reported from rapidly uplifted regions such as the Huon
Peninsula, Papua New Guinea (Yokoyama et al., 2001;
Chappell et al., 1996), and Vanuatu (Cabioch and Ayliffe,
2001).
Bibliography
Alley, R. B., 1998. Icing the North Atlantic. Nature, 392, 335–337.
Alley, R. B., Dupont, T. K., Parizek, B. R., Anandakrishnan, S.,
Lawson, D. E., and Evenson, E. B., 2006. Outburst flooding
and the initiation of ice-stream surges in response to climatic
cooling: a hypothesis. Geomorphology, 75(1–2), 76–89.
Bond, G. C., and Lotti, R., 1995. Iceberg discharges into the North
Atlantic on millennial time scales during the last deglaciation.
Science, 267, 1005–1010.
Bond, G. C., Broecker, W., Johnsen, S., McManus, J., Labeyrie, L.,
Jouzel, J., and Bonani, G., 1993. Correlations between climate
records from North Atlantic sediments and Greenland ice.
Nature, 365, 143–147.
Cabioch, G., and Ayliffe, L., 2001. Raised coral terraces at
Malakula, Vanuatu Southwest Pacific, indicate high sea level
during Marine Isotope Stage 3. Quaternary Research, 56,
357–365.
Chappell, J., Omura, A., Esat, T. M., McCulloch, M., Pandolfi, J.,
Ota, Y., and Pillans, B., 1996. Reconciliation of late Quaternary
sea levels derived from coral terraces at Huon Peninsula with
deep sea oxygen isotope records. Earth and Planetary Science
Letters, 141, 227–236.
Clark, P. U., Hostetler, S. W., Pisias, N. G., Schmittner, A., and
Meissner, K. J., 2007. Mechanisms for a $7 kyr climate and
sea-level oscillation during marine isotope stage 3. In
Schmittner, A., Chiang, J., and Hemming, S. (eds.), Ocean Circulation: Mechanisms and Impacts. Geophysical Monograph
173. Washington, DC: AGU, pp. 209–246.
Dansgaard, W., Clausen, H. B., Gundestrup, N., Hammer, C. U.,
Johnsen, S. F., Kristinsdottir, P. M., and Reeh, N., 1982. A new
Greenland deep ice core. Science, 218, 1273–1277.
Esat, T. M., and Yokoyama, Y., 2006. Growth patterns of the last ice
age coral terraces at Huon Peninsula. Global and Planetary
Change, 54, 216–224.
Flükiger, J., Knutti, R., and White, J. W. C., 2006. Oceanic processes as potential trigger and amplifying mechanisms for
Heinrich events. Paleoceanography, 21, PA2014, doi:10.1029/
2005PA001204.
Ganopolski, A., and Rahmstorf, S., 2001. Rapid changes of glacial
climate simulated in a coupled climate model. Nature, 409,
153–158.
Heinrich, H., 1988. Origin and consequences of cyclic ice rafting in
the northeast Atlantic Ocean during the past 130,000 years. Quaternary Research, 29, 142–152.
Hemming, S. R., 2004. Heinrich events: massive late Pleistocene
detritus layers of the North Atlantic and their global climate
imprint. Reviews of Geophysics, 42(1), RG1005, doi:10.1029/
2003RG000128.
Hulbe, C. L., MacAyeal, D. R., Denton, G. H., Kleman, J., and
Lowell, T. V., 2004. Catastrophic ice shelf breakup as the source
of Heinrich event icebergs. Paleoceanography, 19, PA1004,
doi:10.1029/2003PA000890.
Johnsen, S. F., Dansgaard, W., Clausen, H. B., and Langway, C. C.
Jr., 1972. Oxygen isotope profiles through the Antarctic and
Greenland ice sheets. Nature, 235, 429–434.
Johnsen, S. F., Clausen, H. B., Dansgaard, W., Fuhrer, K.,
Gundestrup, N., Hammer, C., Iverson, P., Jouzel, J., Stauffer, B.,
and Steffensen, J. P., 1992. Irregular glacial interstadials recorded
in a new Greenland ice core. Nature, 359, 311–313.
MacAyeal, D. R., 1993. A low-order model of the Heinrich event
cycle. Paleoceanography, 8(6), 767–773.
Nadeau, M. J., Pflaumann, U., and Voelker, A., 2000. Potential links
between surging ice sheets, circulation changes, and the
Dansgaard–Oeschger cycles in the Irminger Sea, 60–18 kyr.
Paleoceanography, 15(4), 425–442.
Neuman, A. C., and Macintyre, I., 1985. Reef response to sea level
rise: keep-up, catch-up or give-up. In: Proceedings of the Fifth
International Coral Reef Congress, Tahiti. Vol. 3, pp. 105–110.
North Greenland Ice Core Project Members, 2004. High-resolution
record of Northern Hemisphere climate extending into the Last
interglacial period. Nature, 431, 147–151.
Papa, B., Mysak, L., and Wang, Z., 2006. Intermittent ice sheet discharge events in northeastern North America during the last glacial period. Climate Dynamics, 26, 201–216.
Siddall, M., Rohling, E. J., Almogi-Labin, A., Hemleben, C.,
Meischner, D., Schmelzer, I., and Smeed, D. A., 2003. Sea-level
fluctuation during the last glacial cycle. Nature, 423, 853–858.
Yokoyama, Y., Esat, T. M., Lambeck, K., and Fifield, L. K., 2000.
Last ice age millennial scale climate changes recorded in Huon
Peninsula corals. Radiocarbon, 42, 383–401.
LAST GLACIAL INTERSTADIALS
619
cores (Heinrich, 1988). This had been recurring when
the Greenland surface temperature was at its coldest
(Alley, 1998). Distribution patterns of the ice rafted detritus (IRD) in the cores indicated that the Laurentide ice
sheet and the ice sheets around the Nordic Seas are the
main contributors for releasing icebergs (Heinrich, 1988;
Bond et al., 1993; Bond and Lotti, 1995; Hemming,
2004), which melted around 45 degrees north to release
freshwater. This impacted on the intensity of Atlantic
Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) through
the decrease of the North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW)
formation. Several paleoceanographic studies showed that
the AMOC during a HE nearly ceased and cold climate
resulted in the North Atlantic region as was followed by
rapid warm D–O interstadials found in Greenland ice
cores. During a cold D–O stadial, most of the northern
Hemisphere experienced cold climate conditions. The
magnitude of sea-level rise associated with each HE has
been estimated from 10 to 30 m (Yokoyama et al.,
2001a, b; Siddall et al., 2003) and the style of reef development was unique (“pack-up”; Esat and Yokoyama,
2006) compared with traditional three types categorized
as “keep-up,” “catch-up,” and “give-up” types depending
on the corresponding sea-level changes (Neuman and
Macintyre, 1985). The strength of AMOC during a HE
was clearly recorded as levels of radiocarbon in corals
(Yokoyama et al., 2000, 2001a, 2008). Therefore, frequent
but less extensive ice sheet collapses have been repeated
and was probably triggering the reduction of NADW
formations, but AMOC would still have operated
(Ganopolski and Rahmstorf, 2001). The inception and
propagation of HEs have been proposed previously (e.g.,
Hemming, 2004; Clark et al., 2007) including internal
oscillations of ice sheet (MacAyeal, 1993; Papa et al.,
2006), growth and decay of ice shelf (Hulbe et al., 2004;
Alley et al., 2006), and oceanic system dictating mechanisms (Flükiger et al., 2006). Whatever, the key region
for creating these abrupt climate changes is the North
Atlantic cryosphere-ocean system. Coral reef development during last glacial interstadials and stadials is
reported from rapidly uplifted regions such as the Huon
Peninsula, Papua New Guinea (Yokoyama et al., 2001;
Chappell et al., 1996), and Vanuatu (Cabioch and Ayliffe,
2001).
Bibliography
Alley, R. B., 1998. Icing the North Atlantic. Nature, 392, 335–337.
Alley, R. B., Dupont, T. K., Parizek, B. R., Anandakrishnan, S.,
Lawson, D. E., and Evenson, E. B., 2006. Outburst flooding
and the initiation of ice-stream surges in response to climatic
cooling: a hypothesis. Geomorphology, 75(1–2), 76–89.
Bond, G. C., and Lotti, R., 1995. Iceberg discharges into the North
Atlantic on millennial time scales during the last deglaciation.
Science, 267, 1005–1010.
Bond, G. C., Broecker, W., Johnsen, S., McManus, J., Labeyrie, L.,
Jouzel, J., and Bonani, G., 1993. Correlations between climate
records from North Atlantic sediments and Greenland ice.
Nature, 365, 143–147.
Cabioch, G., and Ayliffe, L., 2001. Raised coral terraces at
Malakula, Vanuatu Southwest Pacific, indicate high sea level
during Marine Isotope Stage 3. Quaternary Research, 56,
357–365.
Chappell, J., Omura, A., Esat, T. M., McCulloch, M., Pandolfi, J.,
Ota, Y., and Pillans, B., 1996. Reconciliation of late Quaternary
sea levels derived from coral terraces at Huon Peninsula with
deep sea oxygen isotope records. Earth and Planetary Science
Letters, 141, 227–236.
Clark, P. U., Hostetler, S. W., Pisias, N. G., Schmittner, A., and
Meissner, K. J., 2007. Mechanisms for a $7 kyr climate and
sea-level oscillation during marine isotope stage 3. In
Schmittner, A., Chiang, J., and Hemming, S. (eds.), Ocean Circulation: Mechanisms and Impacts. Geophysical Monograph
173. Washington, DC: AGU, pp. 209–246.
Dansgaard, W., Clausen, H. B., Gundestrup, N., Hammer, C. U.,
Johnsen, S. F., Kristinsdottir, P. M., and Reeh, N., 1982. A new
Greenland deep ice core. Science, 218, 1273–1277.
Esat, T. M., and Yokoyama, Y., 2006. Growth patterns of the last ice
age coral terraces at Huon Peninsula. Global and Planetary
Change, 54, 216–224.
Flükiger, J., Knutti, R., and White, J. W. C., 2006. Oceanic processes as potential trigger and amplifying mechanisms for
Heinrich events. Paleoceanography, 21, PA2014, doi:10.1029/
2005PA001204.
Ganopolski, A., and Rahmstorf, S., 2001. Rapid changes of glacial
climate simulated in a coupled climate model. Nature, 409,
153–158.
Heinrich, H., 1988. Origin and consequences of cyclic ice rafting in
the northeast Atlantic Ocean during the past 130,000 years. Quaternary Research, 29, 142–152.
Hemming, S. R., 2004. Heinrich events: massive late Pleistocene
detritus layers of the North Atlantic and their global climate
imprint. Reviews of Geophysics, 42(1), RG1005, doi:10.1029/
2003RG000128.
Hulbe, C. L., MacAyeal, D. R., Denton, G. H., Kleman, J., and
Lowell, T. V., 2004. Catastrophic ice shelf breakup as the source
of Heinrich event icebergs. Paleoceanography, 19, PA1004,
doi:10.1029/2003PA000890.
Johnsen, S. F., Dansgaard, W., Clausen, H. B., and Langway, C. C.
Jr., 1972. Oxygen isotope profiles through the Antarctic and
Greenland ice sheets. Nature, 235, 429–434.
Johnsen, S. F., Clausen, H. B., Dansgaard, W., Fuhrer, K.,
Gundestrup, N., Hammer, C., Iverson, P., Jouzel, J., Stauffer, B.,
and Steffensen, J. P., 1992. Irregular glacial interstadials recorded
in a new Greenland ice core. Nature, 359, 311–313.
MacAyeal, D. R., 1993. A low-order model of the Heinrich event
cycle. Paleoceanography, 8(6), 767–773.
Nadeau, M. J., Pflaumann, U., and Voelker, A., 2000. Potential links
between surging ice sheets, circulation changes, and the
Dansgaard–Oeschger cycles in the Irminger Sea, 60–18 kyr.
Paleoceanography, 15(4), 425–442.
Neuman, A. C., and Macintyre, I., 1985. Reef response to sea level
rise: keep-up, catch-up or give-up. In: Proceedings of the Fifth
International Coral Reef Congress, Tahiti. Vol. 3, pp. 105–110.
North Greenland Ice Core Project Members, 2004. High-resolution
record of Northern Hemisphere climate extending into the Last
interglacial period. Nature, 431, 147–151.
Papa, B., Mysak, L., and Wang, Z., 2006. Intermittent ice sheet discharge events in northeastern North America during the last glacial period. Climate Dynamics, 26, 201–216.
Siddall, M., Rohling, E. J., Almogi-Labin, A., Hemleben, C.,
Meischner, D., Schmelzer, I., and Smeed, D. A., 2003. Sea-level
fluctuation during the last glacial cycle. Nature, 423, 853–858.
Yokoyama, Y., Esat, T. M., Lambeck, K., and Fifield, L. K., 2000.
Last ice age millennial scale climate changes recorded in Huon
Peninsula corals. Radiocarbon, 42, 383–401.
LAST GLACIAL INTERSTADIALS
619